Local Government Essay Example

Neighborhood Government Essay Name: Mentor: Course: Date: We will compose a custom exposition test on Local Government explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Local Government explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Local Government explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Neighborhood Government Definition I. City chiefs are designated authorities filling in as urban heads II. City committee alludes to a leading body of chose efficacies speaking to the state government at the lower levels. a) City gathering is minimal degree of government followed by bureaucratic as well as state government Focuses of expert in neighborhood government I. City chiefs are representatives of the city gathering and get orders from the board a) This position involved by city supervisors opens them to steady dissatisfaction from the city chamber II. City chamber answerable for arrangement of equipped city chiefs a) City chamber utilize the residency of supervisors as an exchange point to constrain city chiefs into settling on political contemplations in their choices III. Potential clash emerges because of poor detachment of intensity and covering of obligations an) Interference by the city board in city directors issues makes clashes, pointless organization and wastage of assets Jobs of the city chief I. Arranging the city exercises, occasions and tasks II. Drawing up and introducing city spending gauges III. Making arrangements to departmental heads and different authorities IV. Coordination of city chamber and different divisions I. Slanted relationship portrayed by covering of intensity Relationship between city chamber and city supervisor a) Political interests become the overwhelming focus as chosen gathering individuals force their peculiar advantages on city chiefs II. City gathering presents components of political interests that meddle with city chief obligations III. City chamber individuals impact city managers’ adequacy by controlling their residency I. City committee individuals come up short on the ability, experience and administrative aptitudes important to run the city successfully II. City board individuals limit the position and capacity of city directors to practice their aptitude, experience and administrative abilities I. Most city supervisors bargain their ability and involvement with favor of keeping up great relations with the city committee. Effectiveness of strategy detailing by city committee Conclusion City Managers By definition, the situation of a city supervisor alludes to that of an overseer chose as the regulatory executive accountable for a city. Residential authorities working in this office are incidentally referenced as the CEO in a few regions. By the by, from a down to earth perspective, the position ‘city manager’ includes more judiciousness and self-governing power that is recommended in a group of arranged law or a contract, instead of obligations being assigned on a changing premise by one chairman, for example, a city hall leader. The absolute most punctual city chiefs began working in South Carolina and Ohio and following a very long while, more than forty-five states in America had received the city supervisor style of organization. The situation of a city administrator is exceptionally persuasive as it is joined by various political and authoritative jobs inside it. Investigating these jobs and their relationship with different workplaces will give a top to bottom explanation of the earth wherein a city administrator works. Relationship with the City Council The connection between the city director, city committee, and the chairman are exceptionally fundamental ones. While it might appear to be immediate, there are a few variations in the activity of these entangled connections. Svara (2008) portrays the impact of amazingly capable city hall leaders as facilitative principals (Svara 67). Svara displayed how able chairmen collaborated intimately with able city administrators and created outstanding outcomes and accomplishments for their urban areas. Among the city chiefs who have served for some terms, every one of them recognize that consistency in the mayoral office, its consequences for the association in various levels and a tweaked working connection between the city director and the chairman were key factors in making long residency of city administrators. The city board is the authority the overseeing body that impacts the activities of the city supervisor through changing their view of how well they carry out their responsibility. Most directors expressed that building up a specific measure of trust was important in working with chose gathering authorities. The greater part of these long-serving city supervisors referenced how unequivocal the principal years were in deciding the best possible essentials for commonly supportive and profitable associations with the board authorities. When these connections were made, the city administrators expected they were given the judgment important to prevail in their obligations. For most city supervisors, gaining trust and certainty was a critical piece of understanding their activity fulfillment. For a little piece of the directors, their energetic commitment to the general public and their professions eclipsed the negative components of adapting to unyielding chosen authorities. The city supervisor has a few duties that are both regulatory and political in nature. The city supervisor is responsible for coordinating and organizing the organization of district government or urban communities in similarity with arrangements built up by city board and other endorsed chose authorities. This includes driving the organization group that is responsible for planning and executing approaches that influence their purview, commonly a city. The following huge obligation for about all city administrators is to perform open arrangements. These arrangements remember the staff and departmental heads for line with the state laws. These arrangements are carefully authoritative however regularly adopt on political strategies when city committee authorities meddle with the arrangements. City supervisors regularly need to battle with a few strategies that request sex balance and political contemplations before they make these arrangements. City administrators are additionally accountable for managing all the exercises that occur in the divisions including the city income assortments, installment of assessments, implementing laws, controlling general wellbeing and obtainment of provisions. These normal exercises structure some portion of the set of working responsibilities for the city administrator. A few exercises that happen inside a city and crafted by the city administrator are to organize and encourage the smooth running of these exercises. With the best possible administration of these exercises, the cities’ essential segments, for example, wellbeing, transport and security can keep running. Concerning money related issues, the city administrator is answerable for drawing up and supporting the yearly financial plan for the city and presents these evaluations to the city gathering authorities for check. Each city is liable for introducing a spending plan for the year that involves every component of use arranged by the city gathering authorities. This spending plan is likewise impacted by political heads considering the portion of cash is a debatable component that influences how various parts of the city create. Money related planning structures a significant piece of the city manager’s obligations as any misallocation will prompt slanted improvement of the city. The planning obligations are firmly related with the arranging obligations that are directed by a similar city director. Arranging is another fundamental piece of the city manager’s expected set of responsibilities. City arranging includes organizing with various partners inside the city, for example, the administration, engineers, services, SMEs and different players to ponder the route forward concerning the development of framework, conveyance of conveniences and different plans that include the city, for example, recreational offices. Whichever the arranging venture, the city supervisor is answerable for guaranteeing that they are actualized effectively. Regularly, this includes setting approach rules concerning the acquisition and foundation just as steady management to guarantee that the usage is done totally. Other arranging duties did by city administrators incorporate creating venture papers that diagram the vision of the city concerning advancement and different zones. Viability of City Council in Setting Policies One of the significant duties of the city chamber is to define strategies and give proposals on the most ideal approach to actualize them. This obligation is done related to the cit supervisor and other minor partners. The adequacy of the city committee in executing most city approaches effectively has been raised doubt about on a few occasions dependent on their troubling presentation in many governments. An immediate assessment of the viability of the city board approaches is found in the degree of achievement in the city and the degree of advancement being seen. Hypothetically, city gatherings have been furnished with the essential gadgets and state bolster top guarantee that they are compelling in creating city approach. Be that as it may, in all actuality, the majority of these arrangements neglect to take off or fail to meet expectations provoking an inside and out investigation of the structures, systems and people associated with the city strategy plan. Most official arms of government give the city gathering the position to act n their benefit by defining and executing approaches at the lower levels of government. By appointing this power, Congress (parliament) adequately lessens their outstanding burden. This announcement serves to legitimize the city committee as a body commanded by the administration to attempt a few basic obligations, for example, arrangement of instruction, wellbeing and sanitation and security ser

Gender Differences in Computer Attitudes Essay

The article titled â€Å"Gender Differences in Computer Attitudes, Ability, and Use in the Elementary Classroom† is composed by Dr. Robin Kay who is an associate teacher in the Faculty of Education at the University Of Ontario Institute Of Technology. He has distributed a few different articles in the field of PCs and their utilization in instruction. He has likewise introduced various papers at meetings both locally and universally. Dr. Robin Kay has shown PCs, science, and innovation for more than 15 years of his profession. Toward the finish of the article Dr. Robin Kay states that the principle explanation behind research is to help with seeing all understudies build up a capacity to adjust to changes in innovation so all can appreciate the advantages of the abundance of electronic data. As indicated by the previously mentioned article, Dr. Robin Kay affirms that PCs play a fundamental and conspicuous job in the public eye and it is in this way significant that the two young men and young ladies are given equivalent open doors in getting the hang of, working with and profiting by PC innovation. He anyway takes note of that as indicated by look into completed by Whitley, there is a sexual orientation irregularity in study and utilization of PC innovation whereby PCs are seen as manly apparatuses. Females are less sure than young men being used of PC innovation. Contrasts in impression of PCs and PC innovation can be to a great extent credited to the customary mentalities that will in general extra females from specialized issues along these lines females are commonly less intrigued by mechanical issues. At the same time, it very well may be inferred that even in the couple of situations when females are keen on PCs, they are not adequately urged to seek after this intrigue. Dr. Robin Kay’s inquire about notes that current research has not tended to the distinctions in PC capacity among young men and young ladies especially in grade school. Absence of beginning help to females at the young time of grade school is accused as the beginning of the sexual orientation unevenness. Dr. Robin Kay has made a huge effort to offer recommendations and answers for help kill the issue of sexual orientation lopsidedness The difference among guys and females and their related capacities in utilization of PCs and PC innovation ought to be tended to at the grassroots level whereby endeavors to urge females to take intrigue ought to be made. It is along these lines apparent that Dr. Robin Kay sees the sexual orientation unevenness in PC utilization as an issue of recognition and not reasonableness implying that neither one of the genders has a high ground against the other if PCs and PC innovation were drawn nearer on an even ground. The possibility of same sex PC gatherings would be especially viable in light of the fact that it would help in estranging guys who will in general be quicker in getting a handle on mechanical issues from females who take longer. This close by with changed PC schedules for primary schools and uplifting perspectives from the instructors will go far in connecting the sexual orientation unevenness in PC utilization and advantage in grade schools. Taking everything into account, Dr. Robin Kay has done a significantly great job given the way that the extent of the exploration itself is restricted. Sexual orientation irregularity in PC use isn't an exploration subject that would create various important focuses however Dr. Robin Kay has worked admirably in illuminating perusers on an in any case dull point. The arrangements given to the issue of sexual orientation irregularity are useful despite the fact that they are commonly constrained to tending to the sex unevenness in PCs and PC innovation at the grade school level: very little has been done to help female survivors of the lopsidedness. Governmental policy regarding minorities in society could be received to address the issue of females who have restricted or little information on PCs when the females are put on a similar stage with their male partners.

10 profesiones mejor pagadas en Estados Unidos en 2018

10 profesiones mejor pagadas en Estados Unidos en 2018 Las 10 profesiones mejor pagadas en Estados Unidos en 2018 superan de media los $168.000 de ingresos anuales brutos, todas ellas pertenecen al mbito de la salud. En este artã ­culo se enumeran las 25 profesiones mejor pagadas y se informa sobre quã © opcionesâ de visas de trabajoâ hay profesionales extranjeros que puedan estar interesados en trabajar en EE.UU. Y es que una cosa es que existan profesiones muy bien pagadas en las queâ adems, feed demanda por ms empleados y otra muy distinta que los extranjeros con esas capacidades puedan trabajar en Estados Unidos. 10 profesiones mejor pagadas en Estados Unidos en 2018 Todas estn relacionadas con la salud y child las siguientes: Anestesista: $269.000 sueldo medio anual brutoCirujano generalista: $252.910Obstetra y ginecã ³logo: $234.310Cirujano especialista en maxilofacial: $232,870Ortodontista: $228.780Mà ©dico generalista: $201.840Psiquiatra: $200.220Pediatra: $184.240Dentista: $173.860Dentista especializado en estã ©tica e implantes de dientes: $168.140. Los mã ©dicos extranjeros se encuentran entre los profesionales a los que ms atrae la thought de trabajar en Estados Unidos. Para explorar esta posibilidad conviene saber que para desempeã ±arse como mã ©dico se requiere un mã ­nimo de once aã ±os de estudios superiores. En este contexto, para los mã ©dicos extranjeros no es fcil validar sus estudios realizados en universidades extranjeras. El proceso es duro y largo, pero desde luego que es algo posible.  Adems, es posible estudiar la residencia en Estados Unidos para asã ­ especializarse. Se utiliza para ello una visa J-1 de intercambio. Precisamente porque los trmites pueden ser complejos y demorarse por aã ±os, muchos mã ©dicos prefieren obtener licencias para trabajar en USA como enfermeros/as ya que tambiã ©nâ estn bien pagados, aunque menos que los mã ©dicos. En cuanto a la validaciã ³nâ deâ los estudiosâ de enfermerã ­a se requiere que se sigan pautas comunes an otras profesiones. Profesiones mejor pagadas posiciã ³n 11 a 25 en EE.UU. en 2018 Enfermera especialista en anestesia: $164.030Ingeniero especialista en la industria petrolera: $147.030Gerente IT: $145.740Gerente de promoting: $144.140Podà ³logo: $144.110Abogado: $139.880Gerente financiero: $139.720Gerente de ventas: $135.090Asesor financiero: $123.100Gerente de operaciones de negocio: $122.090Farmacà ©utico: $120.270Optometrista: $117.580Actuario: $114.120Polità ³logo: $112.250Gerente de servicios mã ©dicos y de salud: $109.370 Los farmacã ©uticos extranjeros estn en alta demanda porque los que estudian en EE.UU. no child suficientes para cubrir la demanda. Sin ban, feed que tener en cuenta que los farmacã ©uticos que han estudiado fuera de EE.UU. deben convalidar sus estudios tomando una serie de exmenes para obtener homologaciã ³n, certificaciã ³n y licencia. An estos exmenes se les conoce en inglã ©s por sus iniciales de FPGEE y NAPLEX. Tambiã ©n estn altamente demandadas las enfermeras extranjeras. Para las interesadas, estas sonâ 10 agencias que encuentran empleador para enfermeros extranjeros, y destacar que, en el caso de candidatas mexicanas, es posible obtener una visa TN para desempeã ±ar esta profesiã ³n en los Estados Unidos. Cuando los beneficios tambiã ©n importan En algunas profesiones los sueldos no child muy altos pero brindan importantes beneficios, que se deben tener en cuenta. Destacan en este sentido los de los funcionarios del gobierno government o de los estatales y muy especialmente los beneficios e incentivos de alistarse en el Ejã ©rcito. En muchos casos los trabajos federales estn prohibidos a personas que no child ciudadanas o residentes permanentes legales, es decir, no se pueden desempeã ±ar con una visa de trabajo. Incluso los que child sensibles por cuestiã ³n de seguridad estn reservados exclusivamente para ciudadanos estadounidenses. Debe saberse sobre el mercado laboral en Estados Unidos Para las personas interesadas en conocer el mercado laboral en EE.UU., à ©stas child las 30â profesiones que tendrn una civic chairman demanda en Estados Unidos de aquã ­ a 2022, segã ºn el Departamento de Trabajo. Adems, debe tenerse en cuenta algo que muchas veces se olvida, en Estados Unidos los impuestos varã ­an mucho entre estados con lo que con el mismo salario bruto lo que realmente se ingresa puede varã ­an mucho. Estos child los 10 estados donde se agnostic ms y menos impuestos. Tambiã ©n roughage que tomar en consideraciã ³n que Estados Unidos es un paã ­s muy grande y que la economã ­a no es igual en todos los estados. Finalmente, tambiã ©n se debe tener en cuenta que el nivel de vida y los gastos no child iguales a lo largo y ancho del paã ­s. De hecho roughage una gran diferencia entre las 10 ciudades ms carasâ y las 10 ms baratas. Y es que a veces ganar menos, dependiendo de donde se viva, significa poder ahorrar ms o vivir mejor. Requisitos migratorios para poder trabajar en Estados Unidos Para trabajar legalmente en Estados Unidos roughage que tener una situaciã ³n que lo permita. Las opciones child las siguientes; Ciudadanã ­a estadounidenseResidencia permanente. Los caminos para conseguir una tarjeta de residencia child mà ºltiples.Permiso de trabajo por estar en una categorã ­a particular como asilados, etc.Visa de trabajo. Aquã ­ tambiã ©n las posibilidades child muchas. Una empresa en Estados Unidos tiene que patrocinar al trabajador extranjero.â Las empresas pueden utilizar el sistema e-confirm para comprobar si un trabajador est autorizado para trabajar legalmente en Estados Unidos. Salario mã ­nimo y otros dato Justo en el lado opuesto de las profesiones que ms ganan estn todas aquellas en las que los trabajadores cobran el salario mã ­nimo. Entã ©rate en el enlace front cul es el fijado por el gobierno government y cul aplica en cada uno de los 50 estados y en el Estado Libre Asociado Puerto Rico. Finalmente, en este paã ­s de inmigrantes, à ©stas child lasâ 10 nacionalidades hispanas ms exitosas econã ³micamente en Estados Unidos. Este es un artã ­culo informativo. No es asesorã ­a lawful.

Hals cash flow problems

Hals income issues Hal is experiencing a circumstance where it can't meet its momentary liquidity necessities. In that capacity, a large portion of its checks gave to its provisions are ricocheting attributable to the lacking sums in the bank. Income is a key marker of the money related circumstance of a substance rather than incomes proclamations that may contain non-money incomes, which give a beguiling picture. In Hal’s case, there are an assortment of reasons that are setting off the liquidity problems.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Hal’s income issues explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More First, the majority of its deals are made using a credit card. Just 10 percent of its turnover are on money premise. This restrains the measures of fluid assets in the substance. Moreover, the rate at which the sums are paid is low. This further aggravates the issue that Hal is confronting. When credits deal are made, the account holder should settle up insi de a quarter of a year. In any case, Hal just considers any installment of indebted individuals as late once it surpasses ten months from the due date. This is a long period that Hal has given. In this manner, the indebted individuals can postpone installments for a significant stretch with no outcomes. This circumstance has contributed altogether to the liquidity issues in the element since a large portion of its assets might be held up as indebted individuals (Coyle, 2000). The element additionally has many money responsibilities. These duties incorporate the money installments of the material conveyed by providers. Moreover, it pays its representatives immediately. The money prerequisites in this element are monstrous after its providers denied them credit offices. Therefore, the money necessities in the element will overwhelm Hal’s money inflows. The substance likewise brings about a specific cost when gathering finances structure money deals. The above issues have brough t about the present liquidity issues that Hal is experiencing (Nesvetailova, 2010). Arrangements The best way to settle the above liquidity circumstance is by boosting Hal’s money inflows. To start with, the element should endeavor to build its money settlements by empowering money installments. Hal can achieve this by proposing limits to customers prepared to execute on money premise. By receiving such estimates its can build the extent of its money deals to around 15-20%. The second measure the substance ought to attempt is to change the way wherein its account holders pay their obligations. The substance should request that borrowers pay on a 50-30-20 premise. This will guarantee that the element has satisfactory assets. The settlements by the indebted individuals have been a key reason for money related burdens at Hal.Advertising Looking for paper on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The substance ought to likewise lessen the period past which settlements are viewed as late. At present, Hal permits ten months. Hal ought to decrease the period to a half year. This would help the pace of installment of its obligations. Moreover, the element ought to institute punishments for late installments. Establishing such strategies would expand discipline in the settlement of the obligations. Hal ought to likewise look for a foundation that will charge bring down that 2.5% for stores made. This is a noteworthy edge which has diminished this entity’s reserves levels. At long last, the substance ought to haggle better terms with the different gatherings it pays. Providers have denied them credit offices. On the off chance that Hal can haggle new terms with its providers, at that point it will cause decreased money outpourings. Hal ought to likewise audit its business arrangement. It ought to empower lasting representatives who may diminish its pay rates overheads (Neely, 2002). The above subtleties expand how the above substance can address the present liquidity issues that it is experiencing. References Neely, A. (2002). Business execution estimation: Theory and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Nesvetailova, A. (2010). Budgetary speculative chemistry in emergency: The extraordinary liquidity dream. London: Pluto Press. Coyle, B. (2000). Income anticipating and liquidity. Chicago: Glenlake Pub. Co.

Essential Components to the Personal Statement How to Tell Your Story

First, Read Sharing your story in a clear, compelling way is an important skill that will come in handy for the rest of your life, from writing personal statements to presenting yourself in interviews. It’s also a skill that’s not often emphasized in high school and college English classes, where literary analysis is highly prized. How can you hone this skill? First, Read You’ve heard this before, but I’ll reiterate: reading enables you to sharpen your skills as a writer because it will help you train an â€Å"ear† for different kinds of sentence structures and provide fodder for how to lay out a story and how to show, not tell. Reading the classics is wonderful, but also read memoirs for examples of how a personal narrative can be woven. Some of my favorites are Refuge by Terry Tempest Williams, The Glass Castle by Jeannette Walls, and Angela’s Ashes by Frank McCourt. The profiles in the New Yorker are also an excellent example of how to vividly paint a picture of someone without explicitly telling the reader facts but by illustrating with meaningful details, snippets of dialogue, and quirky vignettes. Tackling the Personal Statement Whether for college applications or for graduate school, the personal statement is the intimidating cherry on top. But keep in mind that the personal statement is always just one facet of your application, so don’t stress about needing to pick the perfect story or weave together many different parts of your life. Write about something that feels important to you, even if it might seem like a minor event; if you write for yourself first, you will be able to connect more genuinely with your reader. I always start with a free association brainstorming process with pen and paper. Sit down with the prompt, and generate as many different ideas or personal stories that feel relevant to the topic without judging or editing. Take a break, and come back to brainstorm some more. Generate an outline based on one or two stories that speak to you the most. Try to narrow your focus as much as possible because it will be more powerful to dive deep into a circumstance or story with description and reflection rather than skimming the surface of many different events. Once you’ve generated an outline, you’re ready to write a first draft. Again, the first draft can be daunting because you may feel pressure to produce a great essay, but remember that you will have plenty of time to edit and rewrite. Hook your readers at the beginning by placing them in the midst of a story with descriptive language that transports them to your world--then you can zoom out later and give the thesis, or â€Å"point,† that your essay will make. Tough Issues Sometimes students worry about crafting an essay that is â€Å"palatable† to admissions officers. Is it too much or too â€Å"personal† to discuss a sibling’s mental illness? To discuss a traumatic experience? If you feel comfortable sharing these experiences, it can be very poignant to disclose life challenges that most certainly have had a tremendous impact on you and are likely not reflected in your transcript or extracurriculars. Don’t be afraid to give it a try, and share with people who you trust to elicit feedback. Editing Editing is tedious but rewarding: you can see the light at the end of the tunnel. I would give your essay to a maximum of 3-4 people to read for feedback. A trusted English teacher, a family member, a peer whose writing you admire, a guidance counselor, or a CC coach are all possibilities. But too many editors and you may get frustrated with conflicting feedback and a sense that the individuality of your essay is becoming diluted. It’s also okay to listen to and ultimately reject feedback that you receive. Admissions officers want to hear your unique voice and writing style in your essay, so always try to implement the final edits on your own. Oral Storytelling In the interview, you are asked to tell your story on the fly, verbally. For many schools, the interview is also as much an opportunity for you to get to know the school as it is for the school to get to know you. So, the most important piece of wisdom is to be yourself. You can prepare to â€Å"be yourself† by brainstorming the most meaningful answers (for you) to common interview questions such as: Describe a time you failed and what you learned from it. What are your strengths and weaknesses? What’s something you’re most proud of? What are your most important values? What are you interested in studying? These questions can catch us off guard in the moment, especially if we’re feeling nervous., so preparing ahead of time with a quick brainstorm or even practicing a mock interview with a friend or CC coach can make a huge difference. If you tend to be more shy and reserved, you may also try during this mock interview to push yourself to add a few more details to your answer than you normally would. This will help your interviewer get to know you that much better and prevent shyness from being misinterpreted as lack of interest in the school or the interviewer. Lastly, always follow up with a Thank You card or e-mail. Good luck, and I hope you’ve enjoyed this mini blog series on staying well and true to ourselves under pressure as much as I have! Signing off with something bright and uplifting: Composition IV by Wassily Kadinsky (1911). Be kind to yourself and each other out there! Are you interested in connecting with a study skills tutor in Cambridge or Boston? ; Would you like to read more of Anna's posts on mental health and wellness? Tips for Managing Stress at School: Start with Self Care Sleep, Social Media, and Routines: Challenges of Time Management Brainfood: Optimal Nutrition for Thinking Test-Taking

The Declaration Of Independence And Human Rights - Free Essay Example

Within the late 1760s and early 1770s, the North American colonists had a strained relationship that seemed to only get worse with the British and the kings imperial policies of taxing and trading. The colonists attempted to fix the relationship by such things as the Olive Branch Petition. The Olive Branch Petition was approved by the Continental Congress in July of 1775, to try and avert a potential war with Great Britain. The Olive Branch Petition secured the colonies allegiance to the British Crown reassuring the king that the colonies did not yet seek independence from Great Britain, while also seeking to reach a negotiation over the unfair trade and tax regulations. The petition discussed options of taxes equal to those living in Great Britain itself, and free trade, or simply no taxes or harsh trade regulations. This petition was delivered to the king in London on July 8, 1775, and When the petition was rejected, a Proclamation for Suppressing Rebellion and Sedition affirmed th at the colonies were in the state of rebellion. 1 The bad blood between colonial leaders and the British crown was far too serious to ever return to how life was for them in the past. The kings rejection of the Olive Branch Petition gave those who wanted a revolution a reason to push for the colonies independence, and made many colonists believe that there were two options in the situation: complete independence from Great Britain or complete obedience to the British rule. The colonists felt as if their lives were being deprived as their civil liberties were being taken away, therefore the Continental Congress gained strength every passing day thus, leading to the formation of the Declaration of independence, and heated political arguments focusing on the act of independence itself.2 The United States of Americas founders understood that revolting against the almighty British Crown would raise quite a legal dilemma, however; the colonial leaders understood that the independence w as worth the risk. This is one reason why the Continental Congress chose five delegates, including Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, and gave them the task of designing a formal document confirming the 13 colonies break off from Great Britain. Such a document as this declaration had to be as persuasive as possible to varying parties. Americans would read the document and join the cause, Britons would be sympathetic to the cause and push for royal restraint, and foreign powers would help the colonial militia. The formal document of rights and grievances is known as the Declaration of Independence, was ratified on July 4, 1776. The men who had signed the Declaration of Independence truly believed that they had legitimized their rebellion, however; the British men and royalty viewed the rebellion as an act of treason against the British.3 Ones belief of the legality of the Declaration of independence lies within his or her view of natural law and physical law. Natu ral law regards the moral principles and guidelines for all humans, while physical law in this context refers to the legal law under the British Crown. Under the topic of natural law, the Declaration of Independence is unquestionably legal, because government is only set when the people of the land consent to it, and in this case, the colonists did not consent to the actions the government were taking. The Declaration of Independence justified the colonies independence from Britain based on the natural law and universal human rights. When human rights are taken out of consideration, the colonies independence was technically illegal and subject to treason. There was no legal confirmation in favor of a group of citizens to establish their own laws due to them wanting to, which is what the colonists did. The Declaration of independence itself appealed to natural law, which to most people had no defined concept of, and to self-truth, which most people often had varying definitions of. Most people may have had differing definitions of human rights, however; it can be agreed that the certain rights were mentioned in the Declaration of Independence should truly never be taken away. The colonists are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.4 These rights were violated by the British crown, therefore making the independence of the colonies justified. When it gets to a point where a group of people are being ignored and are being oppressed by the law, natural law and human rights should come into consideration. As stated in the Declaration of independence itself, the colonists repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. The Declaration of Independence includes a list of grievances that the colonies had repeatedly faced and attempted to reach out to the king in order to find a resolution. The colonies had tried many different peaceful measures that include boycotts, which only ended in more damage and ruling to the colonies. The people were being oppressed and no actions were taken to improve their situations, the king ignored their resolutions and went on his way. Any king who does not care for the needs of the people he rules over should not have the right to rule. These grievances include such topics as taxation without the colonists consent, a lack of colonist representation in the British government, and the right to trial by jury. The stamp act, which taxed newspapers, regular paper, and wills, along with the Townshend acts which taxed tea, glass, paint, and lead did not only regulate trade as British royalty had made it seem. These taxes were placed on the colonists to benefit England. The colonists were rightfully enraged, considering these taxes were abusing the colonists rights as Englishmen due the law of Engla nd that made it clear that someone may not have taxes placed upon them if he or she does not have representation in government, straining the relationship between colonists and the mainland. Another excerpt from the Declaration of Independence states that the king, plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. The colonists were being treated far worse than poorly in their opinion, as the mentioned grievance stated that the king was ruining their towns, their lives, and rights as Englishmen. The rights of the colonists were slowly being stripped away, and they could do nothing to fix that. In a piece from the Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms the second Continental Congress mentioned that, The parliament can ?of right make laws to bind all cases whatsoever. The British government had the power to make laws so aggressive that the colonies were set under complete control of the British government. The colonis t then had no choice other than to give in to complete rule or to declare their independence. Since the rule under the British king was unjust towards the colonists, they were justified on their action to declare war.5 Any chance they got, the British royalty had centralized the power and every decision to be made was taken into their own hands, while the colonists and little to no ability to oversee or take care of their own legal cases with local and state governments. Laws were enforced upon the colonists without their consent, leaving them with no say in government at all. Any local laws created to limit harsh and abusive government actions were ignored. 6 Colonists in America did not have easy lives. Most of the colonists parents or grandparents came from England around the time of the Declaration of Independence, and had to suffer through horrid winters, unfriendly Native Americans, and harsh foreign encounters. The hardships that the colonists faced on the daily basis supp lied them with a stronger bond within each other, and they sought out more freedom while away from the mother country. The colonists yearned for more freedom, however they were constantly being oppressed by the ruling of the king and his laws. The colonial leaders reached out to the king many times in order to make peaceful negotiations, however their attempts at peace were denied. The colonists had been through many different options to make peace with the king such as boycotts, yet they were ruled over more strictly every time they took the chance. The colonies then had no other option to help themselves before any further unjust actions were taken upon them than to declare their independence. The colonies were just in their actions towards independence, and did not violate any oath they had taken, due to their human rights being stripped away.

Public Health Effects Of Medical Marijuana - 1368 Words

Public Health Effects of Medical Marijuana Legalization in Colorado Over the last few decades, the controversy over marijuana has been heightened, specifically in the last decade or so, with the legalization of medicinal and recreational marijuana for parts of the United States. Now with increasing acceptance and with its counterpart scrutiny, research is being implemented to analyze whether the benefits truly outweigh the possible health effects to individuals and communities. In this article, researchers study public files from the state of Colorado and Denver metropolitan area from 2001 to 2013 to support a possible theory of connection between diminishing public health and legalization of medical marijuana. Some of the public files in use are arrest files that have limits to yearly data, and hospital and poison control records that are documented monthly. Specifically in this article, the years before legalization of medicinal marijuana in 2009 are compared to the years after in which an increase or decrease in hospital visits or reports of marijuana-related incidents are compared. The researchers in this study attempt to show an increase in harmful effects on the overall public health in communities in correlation to the significant increase of accessibility of marijuana throughout the state. The goal of this research is to evaluate possible increase in public heath complications after the establishment of medicinal marijuana in the state of Colorado. Two issuesShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pageslegalization of medical marijuana. However, the amount of licensed medical marijuana card holders was small until 2009, when the U.S Attorney General gave the prosecution and legalization of marijuana over to the states. After this, the number of medical marijuana licenses increased greatly in Colorado. Then, in 2012, the sale of recreational marijuana was legalized in Colorado, to all those over the age of 21, and retail stores began selling marijuana in 2014 (Monte). Public opinion on Marijuana is generallyRead MoreMedical Marijuana Should Not Be Banned1439 Words   |  6 Pageshomes? Medical marijuana is a common phenomenon that is acceptable in more than half of the 50 states. Individuals of all ages are affected by the new regulations of the once illegal substance and exposed more than one might think. Marijuana is introduced through schools by peers as a parent struggles to ensure their child will maintain an effective future. This particular drug is dangerous and can have intense effects to the body. To reduce the exposure of the harmful effects of marijuana, physiciansRead MoreEssay on Against Legalization of Marijuana in Canada909 Words   |  4 Pages Should marijuana be sold at corner stores to anyone? Recently, some of Canada ¡s politicians have claimed to introduce the legislation of legalizing marijuana. According to the policy, the possession of marijuana will not be considered a s a criminal sanction. Indeed, marijuana will become a legal substance. People who are over 16 can buy it over the counter just as alcohol or tobacco. Although legalizing marijuana may be beneficial to those people with medical purposes, it will create more problemsRead MoreEssay on Against Medical Marijuana1413 Words   |  6 Pagessome controversy concerning smoking marijuana as a medicine. Many well-intentioned leaders and members of the public have been misled by the well-financed and organized pro-drug legalization lobby into believing there is merit to their argument that smoking marijuana is a safe and effective medicine. A review of the scientific research, expert medical testimony, and government agency findings shows this to be erroneous. There is no justification for using marijuana as a medicine. Read MoreLegalizing Marijuana Essay example1598 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana 2 While it seems that numbers are steadily increasing, to legalize marijuana, there are still many states who have yet to legalize the use of medical marijuana. Many of the public feel that, due to the recent legalization of medical marijuana, the U.S. is a step closer to legalization marijuana for use by the general public. Choosing to legalize marijuana for the general public will cause an increase in users and put users health at risk, both mentally and physically. In 1937Read MoreThe Potential Benefits of Legalizing Marijuana Essay1152 Words   |  5 Pages Legalizing marijuana is a concept that can potentially benefit the public as well as the local economies. There has been a nationwide debate on whether marijuana should be legalized or not. The major consensus is that marijuana is not only bad for one’s health, but it is also dangerous to the community. These allegations are not true. Marijuana actually has health benefits that most people overlook. It is important to understand the many issues of legalizing marijuana in order to better understandRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana1123 Words   |  5 PagesThis proposal would eliminate marijuana from the Control Substance Act and it would no longer be categorized as a Schedule 1 substance. The proposal would also require a federal permit for growing and distributing marijuana within state and national borders. The last aspect of the proposal would require for marijuana to be regulated exactly like alcohol by the Food and Drug Administration as well as the Bureau of Alcoho l, Tabaco, Firearms, and Explosives. Both of these proposals are probable optionsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana And Marijuana Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana or Cannabis is one of the bused drugs in America and the rest of the world. Interesting accumulating evidence show that the significant negative impact of this drug outweighs the positive effects. However, the medical benefits of the drug seem on the process of chemical compounds as compared to the drug itself. Medical debates show that chemical compound in marijuana are the problem as compared to the plant. The said chemical compound affects the mental and physical health of the personsRead MoreShould Medical Marijuana Be Legal?1591 Words   |  7 Pagesdebated topic on marijuana legalization is widely argued. Whether it’s for medical or recreational usages, this topic is reaching boiling point. The complicity on the legalities of marijuana has reached a point in society where legal usage has been p opping up across the country. In the medical sector, studies have shown benefits, and harmful effects in patients. Some physicians support, however some physicians do see health concerns that influence their stance on whether medical marijuana laws are toRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana: A Review of the Literature1843 Words   |  7 PagesCalifornia was the first state to pass a marijuana law in 1913 followed by the rest of the states in the nation until the year of 1937, when marijuana became completely illegal at the federal level. (Guither) Before then, marijuana and specifically hemp had many uses for colonists and farmers and was such a critical crop for a number of purposes, that the government even encouraged its growth. It was not until Henry J. Anslinger saw the Bureau of Narcotics as a fascinating career opportunity that

Analysis Of John Updike s Araby - 1967 Words

John Updike s penchant for appropriating great works of literature and giving them contemporary restatement in his own fiction is abundantly documented--as is the fact that, among his favorite sources, James Joyce looms large.[1] With special affinity for Dubliners, Updike has, by common acknowledgment, written at least one short story that strongly resembles the acclaimed Araby, not only in plot and theme, but in incidental detail. That story, the 1960 You ll Never Know, Dear, How Much I Love You--like Araby--tells the tale of a poor, romantically infatuated young boy who, though obstructed by parental slowness, journeys with innocent urgency, coins in hand, to a seemingly magical carnival--only to find there, behind its facades,†¦show more content†¦The self-delusion in both cases leads quickly to an emotional fall. At 19, Updike s protagonist, Sammy, is a good bit older than Joyce s--at the opposite end of adolescence, it would seem. While in Joyce s boy we readily believe such confusion between the gallant and profane, I think we needn t assume that Sammy is likewise unable to distinguish between the two quite normal impulses. His attraction to the girl in the aisle is certainly far more anatomically and less ambiguously expressed than that of Joyce s boy to Mangan s sister. But it is Beauty that confounds the issue. When human aesthetics come into play, when the object of a young man s carnal desire also gratifies him aesthetically, that is when the confusion arises. in Irish-Catholic Dublin of the 1890s,[3] such youthful beauty not surprisingly invokes analogies between Mangan s sister and the Queen of Heaven (though the swinging of her body and the soft rope of her hair toss[ing] from side to side [Joyce 30]), which captivate the boy, hint at something less spiritual than Madonna worship). And while beauty s benchmarks in Sammy s more secular mid-century America are more anatomical than spiritual, Updike does have Sammy call his young femme fatal Queenie, and he does make her the center of a trinity of sorts, showing her two friends at one point huddl[ing] against her for relief (A P 189). Once smitten, both youngShow MoreRelated The Decline of Chivalry Explored in Araby and AP Essay1211 Words   |  5 Pagesmotive to win hearts of women for centuries. However, as society constantly changes, the effectiveness of these chivalrous acts has diminished. In James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby† and John Updike’s â€Å"AP†, this theory is explored, both telling the story of a boy whose efforts to impress the girl of their desires fail. As said by Well’s in his critical analysis of these stories, â€Å"Both the protagonists have come to realize that romantic gestures—in fact, that the whole chivalric view [sic] --- are, in modern times,Read MoreBusiness and Management2600 Words   |  11 Pagesat the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Barnet, S., Cain, W.E., Burto, W. (2011). Literature for composition: Essays, stories, poems, and plays (9th ed.). New York, NY: Longman. All electronic materials are available on the student website. |Week One: Elements of Literature—Stories

Adolescence Stress, Depression, and Suicide Essay

Adolescence is a stage of maturation between childhood and adulthood that denotes the period from the beginning of puberty to maturity. However, many conflicting opinions are raised about weather such a stage of childhood is influenced by stress, depression, and suicide rate. Some people support the optimistic view that says that adolescence is not a period of storm and stress. Others, including me, support an opposite pessimistic view which characterizes adolescence as a period of stress and inner turmoil. Unfortunately, it has been recently proved that depression is a growing problem in todays society and a major contributing factor for a multitude of adolescent problems. This is because , as research indicates, adolescent depression†¦show more content†¦Instead of expressing sadness, teenagers may express boredom and irritability, or may choose to engage in risky behaviors (Oster amp; Montgomery, 1996). Mood disorders are often accompanied by other psychological problems such as anxiety (Oster amp; Montgomery, 1996), eating disorders (Lasko et al., 1996), hyperactivity (Blackman, 1995), substance abuse (Blackman, 1995; Brown, 1996; Lasko et al., 1996) and suicide (Blackman, 1995; Brown, 1996; Lasko et al., 1996; Oster amp; Montgomery, 1996) all of which can hide depressive symptoms. The signs of clinical depression include marked changes in mood and associated behaviors that range from sadness, withdrawal, and decreased energy to intense feelings of hopelessness and suicidal thoughts. Key indicators of adolescent depression include a drastic change in eating and sleeping patterns, significant loss of interest in previous activity interests (Blackman,1995;Oster amp; Montgomery, 1996), constant boredom (Blackman,1995), disruptive behavior, peer problems, increased irritability and aggression (Brown, 1996). Blackman (1995) proposed that quot;formal psychological testing may be helpful in complicated presentations that do not lend themselves easily to d iagnosis.quot; For many teens, symptoms of depression are directly related to low self esteem stemming from increased emphasis on peer popularity. For other teens, depression arises from poor family relations which could include decreased family supportShow MoreRelatedAdolescence Essay 101357 Words   |  6 PagesAdolescence is a stage of maturation between childhood and adulthood that denotes the period from the beginning of puberty to maturity. However, many conflicting opinions are raised about weather such a stage of childhood is influenced by stress, depression, and suicide rate. Some people support the optimistic view that says that adolescence is not a period of storm and stress. Others, including me, support an opposite pessimistic view which characterizes adolescence as a period of stress and innerRead MorePhysical Maturation B : Cognitive Development And Schooling1406 Words   |  6 Pageswell-being. Adolescence is the time of psychological and physical change and growth. Adolescents grow very rapidly in physical appearance like weight and height. Puberty is the time when sexual organs become mature and start to produce the sex hormones. Cultural and environment are two factors of puberty. Girls who are grow in the wealthier family have menstruation begins earlier than who are grow in the poorer family. One study showed that amount of fat to muscle in the body and environmental stress likeRead MoreTeen Suicide Is The Third Leading Cause Death For High School Students1396 Words   |  6 PagesOver the years teen suicide has increased tremendously. According to Michael Jellinek, â€Å"the adolescent may feel they have no choice but to end their intense internal suffering or to solve a hopeless dilemma by ending it all†(Preventing Teen Suicide). According to the Center of Disease Prevention, â€Å"suicide is the third-leading cause of death for high school students after car accidents and homicides†(Bratsis). Everyday teens are faced with internal struggles and challenges that are difficult to copeRead MoreWhat is Suicide and Why Does It Occur?1142 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Suicide is a permanent solution to a temporary problem.† Phil Donahue said these words, hoping t o send a message; a message that suicide is a temporary and irreparable solution to an otherwise less than unmanageable problem. Suicide continues to be a phenomenon that no one fully understands. The rise of suicide can be directly interpreted by its precursors and their validity in newer generations such as adolescents in a time and society such as this. Suicide has moved from the realm of total tabooRead MoreTheories About Perfectionism And Suicidal Ideation, And Its Dimensions On Depressed Adolescent Patients1334 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy correlational method, which comprises sample data based on five independent variables such as perfectionism, stress, daily hassles, hopelessness, and suicide potential. The sample data consisted of 55 adolescents, who completed the procedures which have been associated with some indices of life stress, hopelessness, and one of the main problems of adolescence which is suicide ideation and potential. In addition, that was also attended by the parents of those teenagers who were interviewedRead MoreAdolescent Depression : Childhood And Adulthood996 Words   |  4 PagesAdolescent Depression The period of teens is usually used to describe the stage between childhood and adulthood, which is defined as the establishment of the onset of puberty, around age 11 to 13 years (Edelman 515). Many researchers and developmental professionals in the United States use the age span 10 to 24 years as a working definition of adolescence, and this adolescence period talk about to the psychosocial, emotional, cognitive, and moral changes from childhood to young adulthood, while pubertyRead MoreA Short Note On Depression And Female Adolescent Depression1515 Words   |  7 Pages​Depression in female adolescence Feeling down or sad sometimes is common in life, But when emotions sets in like hopelessness and loneliness linger for much of the time that may be a sign of depression. Depression is a serious mood disorder that affects more than half of our population. Depression is a feeling of sadness, hopelessness, or loss of interest that can affect the brain. Lots of people will experience depression at some stage in their life. Adolescent Depression is a growing issue evenRead MoreEssay Teenage Suicide1191 Words   |  5 Pages Teenage suicide has become a critical, national problem the extent of which is mind boggling. From 1980 to 1992 the rate of suicides involving persons from the ages of 10-14 years old has increased by 120 percent, and has increased 28.3 percent when involving persons from the ages of 15-19 years old (Suicide 451). More recently in a poll of 3,210 high-school honor students, a stunning one-quarter have seriously considered suicide (Eaton 15). Suicides have been proven to be one of the leading causesRead MoreStress In Adolescence Essay1468 Words   |  6 Pages Adolescence is the period in one’s life when there are new experiences that set off unfamiliar emotions and evoke unusual actions in response to the stimuli. This stage in one’s life may be overwhelming and confusing because he/she is not a child anymore nor an adult. Adolescents are receiving more responsibilities, more expectations, and more difficult tasks to complete in order to transition into an adult. Even though this means more freedom and more opportunities, growing up is not easy. It isRead MoreSuicide Is The Third Leading Cause Of Death1191 Words   |  5 Pages Suicide is the Third Leading Cause of Death in Adolescence Connie Yonn West Coast University Suicide behavior arise in adolescence, a period when significant mood and disturb behavior preoccupied with death (Stoep, 2009). Teen suicide rates are disturbing and have been increasing in the current years base on statistic (Croft, 2016).  The increasing number of teen suicide have cause awareness and brought attention to observance in teen suicide (Croft, 2016). It is said to be the third leading cause

Power, Gender Roles, And Wealth - 1607 Words

Killing, rape, and power have played a huge role in a human life. Why is war a huge problem? People are being killed, and being tortured every single day because of a violent act. Most people in the Ancient World are being taken for granted and their power is being taken away from them. In todays world there are so many new technology, different ways of living, and several new opportunities. This new period of time isn’t what is bringing people to war. War started happening long before. Even long before the war, hierarchy began to develop in the Ancient world, but wait a second what is hierarchy? Hierarchy is primary define as a system in which certain people are arranged according to their status, or how much authority they have. You†¦show more content†¦The Nile River had the natural irrigation. The society was hierarchical, but less centralized, less urbanized. Egypt in compared to Mesopotamian they were very stable, optimistic and conservative, far less emphasis o n slavery. What is civilization? Civilization is relatively a large population, specialization, and regulation, etc. The partnership with the river valleys increased the large population, and specialization. The two early civilizations are Mesopotamia and Egypt, which brought consequences based on stability vs. inequality. A hierarchy is a â€Å"rule of a high priest† when King Hammurabi of Babylon took over Mesopotamian he accomplished a law and his law code which was called â€Å"Hammurabi’s Code† (1800 B.C.E) gave us a portion view of the daily life of the ancient urban society. Even though the law code gave us an idea of people’s justice as well as punishment and discrimination it was noted that they didn’t always write everything that was happening. Why write a law code? Law codes are easy to follow and keeps everyone on the same page, but it is clear people don’t always follow the rules. Moreover, the law code help people express their concerns about the society, it was clear that not because they had a concern everyone who in the community had the same concern. For example, a couple of laws that were mentioned in Hammurabi’s Code were â€Å"6. If a man steals valuablesShow MoreRelatedMale Daughters Femals Husbands Essay1338 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause I have always been curious about the role of women in non western countries and why they were viewed as being subservient to men by their own as well as the western world. Ifi Amadiume, a Nigerian sociologist with a London University doctorate, conducted research in her own family area to study gender and sex in an African Society. Challenging the received orthodoxies of social anthropology, Ifi Amadiume argues that in precolonial society, sex and gender did not necessarily coincide. In the bookRead MoreJane Eyre, By Charlotte Bronte1143 Words   |  5 Pagesan uneven distribution of wealth among people in the Victorian Era, creating this gap between th e rich and poor. Social class in British society was made of the lower, middle, and upper class. Brontà « implemented characters like Mr.Brocklehurst and the Reeds to show that characters that were high in class and supported the social hierarchy were not good people and are not usually rewarded. The main character and protagonist, Jane Eyre, has challenged the view that wealth is equivalent to superiorityRead MoreGender Roles in a Streetcar Named Desire Essay1042 Words   |  5 PagesGender Roles in A Streetcar Named Desire Throughout history empowerment and marginalization has primarily been based on gender. In the play A Streetcar Named Desire, this idea of empowerment is strongly flaunted. Tennessee Williams’ characters, primarily Stanley, Blanche, Mitch, and Stella, conform the expected roles of men and women at the time. Although World War Two temporarily allowed women a place in the work force, they were dismissed from such empowerment when the war came to a close.Read MoreGender And Gender Roles : The Movie Transporter 2 Of 2005 Directed By Louis Leterrier1747 Words   |  7 PagesLiterary works depict normative social roles on gender thereby portraying either gender as having specific set of characteristics in comparison to one another (Fetterley 492). The movie Transporter 2 of 2005 directed by Louis Leterrier and starring Jason Statham as Frank Martin is just an example of how the male and female gender are assigned given roles that bring out their characters as distinct (Leterrier). T he movie uses both gender to express normative social stereotyping that portrays malesRead MoreThe Social System Of Native Americans And Europeans Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pagessystems were greatly affected by gender and the political economy. The Native Americans heavily emphasized reciprocity and the value of friendships, thus binding people together and creating lasting relationships. Europeans on the other hand were more focused on acts of trade and the free market economy. Since Europeans relied on a free market economy, owning land was a great way to contribute and show this. Land was very scarce and it showed others the amount of wealth and prestige one had. Since landRead MoreGender Inequality Is The Unequal Treatment Of Someone Based Off Their Gender961 Words   |  4 PagesIn modern society gender inequality is the unequal treatment of someone based off their gender rather than their varying skills, abilities, and characteristics. In our society gender equality can be h ard to notice sometimes but in other cases it is very obvious such as pay scale for jobs. Many efforts have been taken in the past to get rid of this unequal gap between genders especially in the modern workplace. It is difficulty for many of us to think about gender inequality especially consideringRead MoreE.l. James Fifty Shades of Gray: A Critical Analysis1307 Words   |  5 Pagestantalizing insight into sexual fantasies and their impact on the individual psyche. The books shallowness is offset by the ability to extrapolate from its steamy drama issues that are pertinent and global in nature, including the persistence of gender performativity and gendered hierarchies. Symbolic male hegemony is implied in the fact that Christian is the top to Anas bottom. Christian manipulates Ana, who allows herself to be seduced by a man who has already admitted himself to be incapableRead MoreThe Polished Hoe Analysis945 Words   |  4 PagesCaribbean who inherited specific invariable trait s. In the land of Bimshire, Barbados as we know it, being classified as anything other than a landowning white male, comes with a host of prejudices that deems one to a lifetime of indirect servitude. Gender is a clear barrier that decides whether someone becomes a wealthy citizen, or a submissive spouse at the mercy of her superior. Hence, the untold amount of rapes that have taken place in the Caribbean that are responsible for the majority of nativesRead MoreWomen s Social Construction Of Gender1524 Words   |  7 Pageswith trying to redefine various positions at this point in history. To allow freedom for women, freedom for men, freedom from those sharply defined gender roles.† Ward mentions how much society emphasizes gender to create this social construction of gender, which restricts personal freedoms. Many articles have been written about the social norms of gender, and the differences between men and women. Jamaica Kincaid’s â€Å"Girl† (1978) illustra tes a conversation with a woman and a young girl about how a girlRead MoreGender Roles In Colonial America1346 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieved to be equal to men however this was not always the case. During colonial times, women did not have the same roles as women do today; men and women had fixed roles in society. Roles between men and women do not exchange due to strict gender roles. Additionally, married women were not exactly considered as companions instead, as the husband’s property. Although gender roles were a significant issue among women in early America, another issue was the background of these women. Factors such

How to Structure the Personnel Department

Question: Discuss about the How to Structure the Personnel Department. Answer: Conducting survey to determine that whether an organization can achieve its business goals through a hard or soft approach to HRM most appropriately: From the survey it has been recognised that the human resource management (HRM) is involved with managing the people through the employee-employer relationship. This is the crucial activity which helps an organisation for the achievement of the objective for the organization. Considering the view of Armstrong (2010), there is the instrumental or hard approach to the HRM which stresses on the close integration about the human resource systems, policies and activities with the business strategy. The hard approach also views human resource as vital factor of the production like capital and land. Therefore, it can be inferred that the hard approach is entirely focused on the HRM. The hard approach often becomes the reason to obtain competitive advantage by the organisations. On the other hand, Fowler (2012) addressed that there is the humanistic or soft approach for HRM which still emphasizes on the significance of integrating an HR strategy and organizational strategy. The soft approach suggests that best outcome can be obtained in those circumstances where the human resources are considered to be valued assets and crucial source of the competitive advantage as stated by (Guest, 2009). Thus, the focus is on the development and improvement of the asset and producing commitment through ensuring that employee needs have been satisfied. Thus the vital focus of soft approach is also on the human resource management. Thus to achieve the business goal for an organization, it is required to incorporate both the perspectives the hard and soft approach to HRM. Gunnigle et al. (2013) stated that while the hard aspect would be responsible for the human resource planning, strategy formulation, the soft feature would help to conduct consultation and communication wit h employees, leadership and motivation. Thus, it has been found from survey that the peers highly believe that the combination of both hard and soft approach to HRM is aimed to ensure the meeting of the organizational goals. Reflect on findings: Result of the survey findings: From the survey, it has been found that the best approach for HRM is to maintain the balance between both the humanistic and the instrumental approach. Thus, the balancing act between soft and hard approach would be helpful to effectively produce the efficient organisation. On the other hand, there is the limitation of considering the soft approach. It is when all employee benefits are summed up, the workforce cost makes the business at the competitive disadvantage position as cited by (Marchington Wilkinson, 2011). How HRM evolved over time: Initially, the human resource management was known to be the personnel management approach for maximum of 20th century (McGovern et al. 2010). Then the nature was mainly administrative. It had concerned itself through employee record keeping, implementing functions like training, recruitment, welfare oriented activities and others to meet the statutory compliance. In later decades, the personnel management approach had been evolved towards the traditional human resource approach. Such new approach had been considered to be valuable resources for the workers due its more dynamic nature. Gradually this human resource management turned to be the line management function being linked with the core business activities (Sisson Storey, 2012). Thus few crucial activities which have been found in HR department are recruitment and selection, training and development, motivation and the employee benefits and the appraisal and performance related salaries. Thus, the final evolution of HRM is th e strategic approach of human resource management. Role of HRM in contributing to realization of business goals: HRM is the strategic activity by which the managers establish the long-term direction of the organization, develop the strategies to achieve business goal and also set particular performance objectives. Thus, it has been found that HRM plays key role in reflecting strategic objectives and also values within organization. Considering the view of Marchington Wilkinson (2011), it also recognises the competencies of the organization and matches the people with those. HRM is crucial for supporting the climate, culture and the organizational processes for attracting and retaining the effective employees. Thus, the HRM plays vital role to build and sustain the organizational commitment. Factor or circumstances may change preferred approach to HRM: The circumstances which require improvement in the organisational performance level and need to generate competitive advantage then the preferred approach of HRM shifts from soft to hard. On the other hand, when there is the need to integrate all HR related practices and policies with the strategic business objectives, the HRM approach is shifted from the hard to the soft (Fowler, 2012). References: Armstrong, M. (2010). A Handbook of Personnel Management Practice, London: Kogan Page. Fowler, A. (2012). How to Structure the Personnel Department, Personnel Management Plus, 3(1), 22- 3 Guest, D. (2009). 'Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations', Journal of Management, 24(5), 503-521. Gunnigle, P., Heraty, N. Morley, M. (2013). Personnel and Human Resource Management Theory and Practice in Ireland, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan Marchington, M. Wilkinson, A. (2011). Core Personnel and Development, London: IPD. McGovern, P., Gratton, L., Stiles, P., Hope-Hailey, V. Truss, C. (2010). Human Resource Management on the Line?, Human Resource Management Journal, 7(4), 12-29. Sisson, K. Storey, J. (2012) Managing Human Resource and Relations, Great Britain.

Business Organizational Culture and Leadership †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Business Organizational Culture and Leadership. Answer: Introduction: In the present competitive world, change is inevitable. Organizations initiate change in their policies, operations, structure to enhance efficiency. However, not all change initiatives in organizations lead to positive outcomes. Change is a fragile process which can either impact positively or negatively on organizations. Without proper measures in place, change initiatives can result in employee withdrawal, resistance, and demotivation. This report provides an insightful guideline on how SJV and VicSolar will implement changes to their policies and organizational structure to ensure strategic re-alignment and restructuring of the organization. Change is a challenging concept to implement in organizations especially after a crisis. According to Coombs (2013), initiating change after a crisis makes the employees view the move as a retaliation from the management if it is not communicated effectively. Moreover, DuBrin (2013) advises that managers should be in the forefront in communicating the intended change and how it will affect the organizations operations. Failure to communicate the intended change in advance and a comprehensive manner can significantly affect the psychological stability of the employees. Consequently, it is vital to implement change in a way that does not compromise the psychological well-being of the employees. In this respect, this report proposes the utilization of John Kotters Eight-Stage Process of change management. According to Kotter (2012), change initiatives should be objective. The organization must establish the goals that it wants to achieve through the change process. In this respect, SJV and VicSolar aim to attain performance efficiency by altering their working structure and policies. Firstly our team will establish a sense of agency. According to Kotter (2012), creating a sense of agency sparks the stakeholders motivations to accept and participate in the change process. In this model, Kotter proposes that the suggested change must receive support from 75% of the management. However, creating urgency does not entail condemning specific individuals on the past organizational failures. SJV and VicSolar need to take their past crises as a collective organizational failure. In this respect, the team will hold honest and convincing dialogue with the organizations employees to deliberate on the possible causes of the current situation and how the proposed change will limit such occurrences in the future. As Malgas and Benedict (2017) opine, effective communication is paramount in this initial stage. The team must convince the employees that there is an urgent need for change in the organizations activities and that these changes will impact on them positively. After convincing the employees on the urgency for the proposed changes, a team will be created to oversee the change implementation process. According to Kotter (2012), the created team should have the capacity to lead change. This team will comprise of employees from all ranks within the organization. According to Andreasson, Eriksson, and Dellve (2016), employee engagement is crucial for change acceptance. The workers must be assured that the intended changes address their concerns. In fact, Kirrane et al. (2017) point out that most of the failed organizational change processes are caused by insufficient employees involvement. As a result, our team aims to ensure that all of the organizations employees are involved in the change process and their concerns adequately addressed. The intention of initiating change is to enhance organizational activities. Consequently, the proposed change must have a precise vision and way of attaining it. According to Kotter (2012), the team in charge of the change process must develop a vision to direct the change effect. Moreover, they must design a strategy to execute the stated vision. In this respect, our team will develop precise vision summary that shows the employees the future of their organization if they embrace the proposed changes. According to Kim, McCunn, and Lew (2017), an effective change vision is derived from deductive reasoning. The vision should be realistic and attainable to garner workers support. Moreover, Beech et al. (2017) opine that the vision should highlight the benefits that the employees will obtain from the change process. In this respect, our teams change vision will adequately address the needs of the workers and that of the organization to promote sustainability. Communication is key in the Kotter's change model. In this respect, our team will ensure that all the vital information on the ongoing change is sufficiently communicated to the people within the organization. According to Kotter (2012), the agent of change is mandated to constantly communicate the new vision and strategies to the employee using all possible means. Importantly, communication in this sense does not imply forcing the employees to accept the proposed changes. Leaders are supposed to lead by example during the change process (Goksoy, 2015). In this respect, the organization leaders and the group leading the change are supposed to express the change they are propagating in their actions. Schein (2010) insists that the role of leadership is to motivate employees toward a specified course of action. Consequently, during the change process, the leaders must motivate their employees to understand and embrace change through effective communication strategies. However, the most important action during change management is the eradication of all obstacles that impend its implementation. According to Franklin and Aguenza (2016), it is essential to evaluate all the factors that can hinder change implementation starting from the organizations leadership to its policies. Since SJV and VicSolar want to improve the quality of their services, they must alter their current compensation policies to one that is performance-based. Performance-based compensation systems motivate employees to enhance their work rate as their pay is tied to their output(Nyberg et al., 2016). In this respect, our team will address all the possible obstacles to the change process starting from the organizations working structure to its policies. According to Kotter (2012), extensive organizational change such as the one we are undertaking requires thrust, optimism, and a sense of accomplishment. In this respect, our team will put measures in place to create short-term wins. These will include motivational actions such as providing feedback on the change progress and rewarding those whose have successfully aligned to the new system. Moreover, it is essential to ensure that the change process is sustainable. According to Leybourne (2016), one way of ensuring sustainability during the change process is by assisting the employee cope with the new system. Additionally, it can be achieved through hiring employees who can implement the change vision. In this respect, our team will not be reluctant to advise the organization to eliminate those employees who will be against the change process even after addressing their needs. The last stage in our change process will be to revise the organizations culture to fit with the new system. According to Hornstein (2015), organizational culture dictates the major operations of an organization and plays a crucial role in change implementation. In this respect, it is essential to have a culture that promotes development, quality services, and effective management. Consequently, our team will amend the current SJV and VicSolar organizational culture to embrace performance-based models of compensation, employee training, and leadership. As Kotter (2012) points out, this last phase of the change model illustrates the inclusiveness of the change process. Change is not only focused on the employees and management, but also on the structures that dictate their performance. Conclusively, our team intends to utilize the Kotters eight-stage change management model to ensure that all employees accept the proposed changes. This model strives at attaining inclusiveness during the change process. Consequently, it will effect changes from the employee to organization level. Importantly, the model insists on effective communication, inclusion, sustainability, and teamwork in effecting change. Additionally, our team will revise the organizations culture to align with the proposed changes. List of References Hornstein, H. A., 2015. The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity. International Journal of Project Management, 33(2), pp. 291-298. Andreasson, J., Eriksson, A. Dellve, L., 2016. Healthcare managers' views on and approaches to implementing models for improving care processes. Journal of nursing management, 24(2), pp. 219-227. Beech, N. et al., 2017. Managing change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Coombs, T. W., 2013. Applied Crisis Communication and Crisis Management: Cases and Exercises. London: SAGE publications. DuBrim, A. J., 2013. Handbook of Research on Crisis Leadership in Organizations. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing. Franklin, E. U. Aguenza, B. B., 2016. Obstacles, Resistance and Impact of Change in Organizations: An Examination of the Saudi Telecommunication Company (STC). International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 6(4), pp. 23-37. Goksoy, A., 2015. Organizational Change Management Strategies in Modern Business. S.l.: IGI Global. Kim, A. A., McCunn, L. J. Lew, J., 2017. Successful Facility Change-Management Practices for Retrofit Projects: Case Study in Lighting. Journal of Management in Engineering, 33(4), p. 05017001. Kirrane, M., Lennon, M., OConnor, C. Fu, N., 2017. Linking perceababived management support with employees readiness for change: the mediating role of psychological capital. Journal of Change Management, 17(1), pp. 47-66. Kotter, J. P., 2012. Leading Change. Boston: Harvard Business Press. Leybourne, S. A., 2016. Emotionally sustainable change: two frameworks to assist with transition. International Journal of Strategic Change Management, 7(1), pp. 23-42. Malgas, R. Benedict, O. H., 2017. Communication of Change Management: Variation Based on Recipients Position in the Organization: A Case Study. Journal of Communication, 8(1), pp. 69-76. Nyberg, A. J., Pieper, J. R. Trevor, C. O., 2016. Pay-for-performances effect on future employee performance: Integrating psychological and economic principles toward a contingency perspective. Journal of Management, 42(7), pp. 1753-1783. Schein, E. H., 2010. Organizational Culture and Leadership. Fourth ed. San Francisco: John Wiley Sons.

The dissolution of the manasteries Essay Example For Students

The dissolution of the manasteries Essay The Dissolution of the Monasteries and the events which followed, were all brought about as a direct result of the break with Rome. The reason for the break, lies simply in Henrys frustration at his inability to secure a divorce form his wife Catherine of Aragon, and a blessing from the Pope for his new marriage to Anne Boleyn, although arguably, there was a need for reformation within the church. Prior to the break with Rome, the church was rife with pluralism, simony (one of the popes main failings) and breaches of the vows of celibacy. It is therefore clear that there were problems with the English church prior to the break, but although it was unpopular, many people including Henry remained Catholic:A firm Catholic, he was keen to have papal approval, and the more unlikely this became, the more he was forced to question the Popes jurisdiction in England 2To accomplish a break, Henry needed some kind of justification, and he would also have to ensure that in implementing the break itself, he was not seen as supporting heresy and the Protestant reformation in particular. With the aid of advisor Thomas Cromwell, Henry aims to enact the break with Rome using statute authority; that of the king, lords and commons acting through parliament. We will write a custom essay on The dissolution of the manasteries specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A sequence of truly revolutionary acts of parliament now cut the bonds spiritual, legal, financial which linked the English church and state to Rome 3There were several main landmarks in the break with Rome, the first of which was the act in restraint of appeals. This was a justification and definition of royal supremacy, and was grafted by Thomas Cromwell. It was the act of supremacy in 1534 however, that would prove to be Henrys greatest step forward in the break. It confirmed Henrys headship of the church and explicitly reserved the crown the rights to the organizing and jurisdictional powers formerly held by the Papacy. By this, the crown would control the right o define the churchs teachings and doctrinal decisions, ultimately resulting in the downfall of the monasteries. As a result of Henrys pressure on the English clergy in his attempts to convince the Pope to grant a divorce, the dissolution of the monasteries became an important and necessary task. By removing the Popes most loyal supporters from England, Henry was severely limiting his power. In 1533, in stead of Anne Boleyns impending pregnancy, Thomas Cranmer, an archbishop, declared Henrys marriage to Catherine invalid, (the king must stop living in this sin with this woman who is not his wife 4) and married him to Anne Boleyn. The Act of Supremacy then, established Henry as head of the Church of England, and marked the end of the Popes influence in his realm. Threatened by the Pope with excommunication, if he did not take Catherine back, all hopes of reconciliation with Rome were passed. Henrys reformation was moving quickly.When henry VIII first initiated the dissolution of the Monasteries, he was facing criticism from various sides. It must be understood that in deciding the validity of Henrys claims for the dissolution, there are two sides to the argument. Protestant supporters of Henrys actions, argue that after the 1530s, all the monasteries were corrupt and a place where sinners lived in a luxury paid for by others. The reasons for monastic life they claimed, were based on a lie created by the Papacy, to strengthen its own position: In order to lessen the time a person spends in purgatory when they die, money must be donated to the church in order to save their soul. .ub1f412cb26dacc99a9c728b049d3d844 , .ub1f412cb26dacc99a9c728b049d3d844 .postImageUrl , .ub1f412cb26dacc99a9c728b049d3d844 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub1f412cb26dacc99a9c728b049d3d844 , .ub1f412cb26dacc99a9c728b049d3d844:hover , .ub1f412cb26dacc99a9c728b049d3d844:visited , .ub1f412cb26dacc99a9c728b049d3d844:active { border:0!important; } .ub1f412cb26dacc99a9c728b049d3d844 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub1f412cb26dacc99a9c728b049d3d844 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub1f412cb26dacc99a9c728b049d3d844:active , .ub1f412cb26dacc99a9c728b049d3d844:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub1f412cb26dacc99a9c728b049d3d844 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub1f412cb26dacc99a9c728b049d3d844 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub1f412cb26dacc99a9c728b049d3d844 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub1f412cb26dacc99a9c728b049d3d844 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub1f412cb26dacc99a9c728b049d3d844:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub1f412cb26dacc99a9c728b049d3d844 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub1f412cb26dacc99a9c728b049d3d844 .ub1f412cb26dacc99a9c728b049d3d844-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub1f412cb26dacc99a9c728b049d3d844:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hate crimes EssayAs a result of these false and morally corrupt claims on behalf of the Papacy, Protestants argued that the monasteries deserved to be dissolved, as the money they survived upon was gained under false pretences. Another factor that supports Henrys argument for the dissolution, were the results found from the valor ecclesiasticus. Within this, it was discovered that on average, one quarter of a monastic houses wealth went to the head of the house, usually an absentee leader, living their life as a country gentleman, free form responsibility. Revelations such as this obviously angered the public, but whether or not Henry was angered in the

Sample AP Euro DBQ Essay

Sample AP Euro DBQ EssayWhat is the sample AP Euro DBQ essay? It is a unique AP Euro DBQ practice test given in order to train people who want to take the exam. The purpose of the test is to familiarize a person with the guidelines and methods used by the examiner during the entire examination. Moreover, it is also an excellent chance for a person to make sure that he or she is able to properly answer the questions asked by the examiner.What are the basic question types included in the exam? There are two basic question types that you can be tested with in this type of exam. One is the multiple-choice type, which is more practical than theoretical and the other is the factual type which involves answering factual questions. These two questions will help you to learn about the procedure used in preparing for the test and make sure that you know how to answer the questions correctly.As there are so many questions on this kind of essay, you have to answer each question carefully in orde r to be prepared. You have to first realize that there are certain types of questions and there are certain kinds of answers which are correct and others which are not. Therefore, you should know which kind of questions you are to answer and which kinds of answers you should give.You also have to be aware of the way you should proceed in answering a question. The examiner will most likely ask a question and when you answer it you should do so in a logical manner. You should also read and understand what the question is asking for before you answer it. You should read the question carefully and then give your answer and explain how you arrived at it.You have to remember that there is no 'correct' answer for a question. Therefore, if you have something you would like to add to your answer you should do so. In some cases, there may be a list of possible answers that you can give in a particular question. If there is such a list, you should make sure that you know all the possible answe rs, and they should be the ones you use.It is not always easy to find the correct way to answer a question but there are some examples you can follow. For example, if you have a question that asks you to demonstrate the ability to use logic you can prepare by telling the examiner about something that is more logical to you rather than telling him that you have a good memory. If the answer to a question requires you to prove how much experience you have, you can prove that you have enough experience by citing examples of what you have done before.Furthermore, there is a tendency for students to skip filling out the last section of the paper because they think that they cannot finish it. You should continue to answer each and every question on the last section because it is part of the process of preparing for the exam. You will also need to review the paper after the exam because there are some points that the examiner will consider especially if you need to be tested on a topic that is too difficult for you.Taking the test is not that easy especially if you do not have any previous experience or know what the exam will be like. Therefore, it is best for you to get as much preparation as possible before taking the exam so that you can ace it.

Tutorial of Kinemtatics Essay Example

Tutorial of Kinemtatics Essay Example Tutorial of Kinemtatics Essay Tutorial of Kinemtatics Essay Applied Science Department (ASD) Centre for Foundation Studies and Extension Education (FOSEE) PPH 0095 Mechanics Foundation in Engineering ONLINE NOTES Chapter 2 Kinematics FOSEE , MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY (436821-T) MELAKA CAMPUS, JALAN AYER KEROH LAMA, 75450 MELAKA, MALAYSIA. Tel 606 252 3594 Fax 606 231 8799 URL: http://fosee. mmu. edu. my/~asd/ PPH0095 MECHANICS Contents 2. 0 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 2. 9 2. 10 2. 11 2. 12 2. 3 Introduction Definitions of Linear Motion Distance Displacement Speed and Velocity Average Velocity Instantaneous Velocity Average Acceleration Instantaneous Acceleration Equations of Linear Motions Motion Graphs Free Falling Objects under gravity Projectile Motion Uniform Circular Motion ASD 2011/12 KINEMATICS 1/23 PPH0095 MECHANICS Mind Map ASD 2011/12 KINEMATICS 2/23 PPH0095 MECHANICS OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) define distance, displacement, velocity, acceleration. know how to apply all the equation for linear motion with constant acceleration. raw graph velocity versus time , distance versus time and explain them. understand the concept of free fall and should be able to solve the problem. understand the concept of projectile motion and uniform circular motion and should be able to solve the problem. 2. 0 INTRODUCTION Kinematics is the branch of mechanics which studies the motion of objects without considering the forces that cause the motion. Vector quantities such as displacement, velocity, and acceleration are involved. The study of the motion of objects under the action of forces is called dynamics. The study of the motion of objects, and the related concepts of force and energy, form the field called mechanics. Mechanics is customarily divided into two parts i. e. kinematics and dynamics. Kinematics : the description of how objects move. Kinematics in one dimension : describing an object that moves along a straight line path, which is one dimensional motion. Kinematics in two dimensions : the description of the motion of objects that move in paths in two (or three) dimensions. Dynamics : deals with force and why objects move as they do. In this part we will solve the following questions : What akes an object at rest begin to move ? What causes a body to accelerate or decelerate ? What is involved when an object moves in a circle ? We can answer in each case that a FORCE is required. 2. 1 DEFINITIONS of LINEAR MOTION Linear motion is motion along a straight line. Three types of motion: Translational Rotational Vibrational ASD 2011/12 KINEMATICS 3/23 PPH0095 MECHANICS Fig ure 1 We only discuss objects that move without rotating (Figure 1a) Motion in straight line; Vertical Horizontal Slanting Reference Frames Any measurement of position, distance or speed must be made with respect to a frame of reference. It is always important to specify the frame of reference when stating a speed. In everyday life, we usually mean with respect to the Earth. Position For one-dimensional motion, we often choose the x axis as the line along which the motion takes place. The position of an object at any moment is given by its x coordinate. If the motion is vertical, as for a dropped object, we usually use the y axis. 2. 2 DISTANCE The length of the actual path or total path length. It depends on the frame of reference, for example, Ipoh is 200 km away from Kuala Lumpur. A set of coordinate axes represents a frame of reference. ASD 2011/12 KINEMATICS 4/23 PPH0095 MECHANICS 2. 3 DISPLACEMENT The change in position of the object, i. e. displacement is how far the objects is from its starting point. For example : A change from an initial position xi to the final position xf, the displacement is, ? x = xf xi. The symbol ? (delta) means change in. So ? x means the change in x which is the displacement. It is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction and represented in diagrams by arrows. Example 1 : A person walking 70 m to the east and then turning around and walking back (west) a distance of 30 m. Total distance = 100 m Displacement = xf xi = 40 m 0 m = 40 m Figure 2 2. 4 SPEED and VELOCITY The most obvious aspect of the motion of a moving object is how fast it is moving, i. e. its speed or velocity. Speed is simply a positive number, (i. e. a scalar: having magnitude only) with units. Velocity, on the other hand, is used to signify both the magnitude (numerical value) of how fast an object is moving and also the direction in which it is moving. (velocity is therefore a vector). Average Speed is defined as the total distance travelled along its path divided by the time it takes to travel this distance, i. . average speed = distance travelled time elapsed ASD 2011/12 KINEMATICS 5/23 PPH0095 MECHANICS 2. 5 AVERAGE VELOCITY Average velocity is defined as the displacement divided by the elapsed time, i. e. average velocity, v ave = x f xi displacement ? x = = time elapsed ? t t f ti Average velocity would be zero if starting and ending point are the same. Unit : ms-1 Fi gure 3: Velocity of a car as a function of time at constant velocity. Figure 4: Velocity of a car as a function of time with varying velocity. 2. 6 INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY The instantaneous velocity is the velocity at any instant of time. In general the instantaneous velocity at any moment is defined as the average velocity over an infinitesimally short time interval. We define instantaneous velocity as the average velocity in the limit of ? t becoming extremely small, approaching zero. v = lim ?t > 0 ?x dx = ? t dt Let ? t approach zero, ? x approaches zero as well. But the ratio ? x/? t approaches some definite value, which is the instantaneous velocity at a given instant. KINEMATICS 6/23 ASD 2011/12 PPH0095 MECHANICS 2. 7 AVERAGE ACCELERATION Acceleration specifies how rapidly the velocity of an object is changing. Average acceleration is defined as the change in velocity divided by the time taken to make this change, i. e. v f vi change of velocity ? v average acceleration, aave = = = time elapsed ? t t f ti Unit : ms-2 2. 8 INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION The instantaneous , a , is defined as the limiting value of the average acceleration as we let ? t approach zero. instantaneous acceleration, a = lim ? dx ? d? ? 2 dv ? dt ? = d x a = = dt dt dt 2 ?t > 0 ? v dv = ? t dt since v = dx , so dt Acceleration tells us how fast the velocity changes, whereas velocity tells us how fast the position changes. x v= dt and dv d 2 x a = = dt dt 2 2. 9 EQUATIONS of LINEAR MOTIONS Many practical situations occur in which the acceleration is constant, i. e. the acceleration doesnt change over time. We now treat this situation when the magnitude of the acceleration, a, is constant and the motion is in a straight line. In this case, the instantaneous and average acceleration are equal. To simplify our notatio n, let us take the initial time in any discussion to be zero the elapsed time, t initial velocity , vo the position at time t is s the velocity at time t is v ASD 2011/12 KINEMATICS 7/23 PPH0095 MECHANICS The acceleration, which is assumed constant in time , will be a = Multiply both sides by t and get: ? v = vo + at at = v ? vo v ? vo t †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ( 1. 9. 1 ) [omit s] velocity vo v O time t ?v +v? s=? o ? t ? 2 ? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦( 1. 9. 2 ) [omit a] Substitute equation (1. 9. 1) into (1. 9. 2), s =( v o + v o + at )t 2 or s = vot + ? at2 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ( 1. 9. 3 ) [ omit v ] We now derive the fourth equation, which is useful in situations where the time, t is not known. From equation ( 1. 9. 1 ) , solve for t, obtaining t= v ? vo a .. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ( 1. 9. 4 ) Substituting equation ( 1. . 4 ) into equation ( 1. 9. 3 ), we have ASD 2011/12 KINEMATICS 8/23 PPH0095 MECHANICS 2 2 ? v + v o v ? v o ? v ? v o s=? ?= 2a ? 2 a ? Solve for v 2 and obtain 2 v 2 = v o + 2as †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ( 1. 9. 5 ) [ omit t ] From equation ( 1. 9. 1 ) , solve for vo, obtaining vo = v – at†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (1. 9. 6) Substitute equation (1. 9. 6) into (1. 9. 2), s =( v + v ? at )t 2 or s = vt ? ? at2 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ( 1. 9. 3 ) [ omit vo ] Example 2:: Spotting a police car, you brake a porsche from 75 km/h to 45 km/h over a displacement of 88 m. a) What is the acceleration assumed to be constant ? Given: vo = 75km / h = 75 ? 103 = 20. 83 m/s 3600 45 ? 103 v = 45km / h = = 12. 5 m/s 3600 s = 88 m, a = ? v 2 = vo + 2a s (12. 5 m/s)2 = (20. 83 m/s)2 + 2a(88 m) a = -1. 6 m/s1 2 b) What is the elapsed time ? s = ? (vo + v)t 88 m = ? (12. 5 m/s + 20. 83 m/s)t t = 5. 4 s c) If you continue to slow down with the acceleration calculated in (a), how much time will elapse in bringing the car to rest from 75 km/h ? v = vo + at 20. 83 m/s = 12. 5 m/s + (-1. 6 m/s2 )t t = 13 s ASD 2011/12 KINEMATICS 9/23 PPH0095 MECHANICS d) In ( c ) what distance will be covered ? s = vot + ? at2 = (20. 3 m/s)(13 s) + ? (-1. 6 m/s2)(13 s)2 = 137 m e) Suppose that later, using the acceleration calculate in (a) but a different initial velocity , you bring your car to rest after travelling 200 m . What is the total braking time ? s = vt ? ? at2 200 m = (0 m/s) t – ? (-1. 6 m/s2) t2 t = 16 s 2. 10 MOTION GRAPHS The motion of a body can be illustrated by o a displacement-time ( x t ) graph. o a velocit y-time ( v ) graph o an acceleration-time ( a t ) graph Displacement-time graph or s t graph of a body shows how the displacement of the body varies with time. o Instantaneous velocity, v= dx = gradient of the s – t graph. dt Figure 5 shows the x – t graphs for four types of motion. Figure 5a o Constant velocity Velocity = gradient of the graph = constant ASD 2011/12 KINEMATICS 10/23 PPH0095 MECHANICS Figure 5b o Constant acceleration with initial velocity u = 0 When t = 0, gradient = 0 Gradient increases as t increases ? Velocity increases Figure 5c o Constant acceleration with initial velocity u ? 0 When t = 0, gradient ? 0 hence initial velocity ? 0 Gradient increases as t increases ? Velocity increases ASD 2011/12 KINEMATICS 11/23 PPH0095 MECHANICS Figure 5d Non-uniform acceleration When t = 0, gradient ? 0 Hence initial velocity ? 0 When t = t, gradient = 0 Hence velocity = 0 When t = t2, gradient ; 0, Hence velocity is negative. When velocity is negative, ob ject is moving in the opposite direction. Velocity–time graph or v – t graph of a body shows how the velocity of a body varies with time. Velocity, v = dx dt Displacement, s = ? v dt = area under the v – t graph. Instantaneous acceleration, a = dv = gradient of the v t graph at that instant. dt Figure 6 shows the v – t graphs for six types of motion. ASD 2011/12 KINEMATICS 12/23 PPH0095 MECHANICS Figure 6a Uniform velocity Gradient = 0, acceleration = 0 Displacement from t = t1 to t = t2, s = shaded area , A Figure 6b o Uniform acceleration Initial velocity = 0 Gradient = constant, hence Acceleration = constant Displacement from t = t1 to t = t2, s = shaded area , A ASD 2011/12 KINEMATICS 13/23 PPH0095 MECHANICS Figure 6c o Uniform acceleration Initial velocity ? 0 Gradient = constant, hence Acceleration = constant Displacement from t = t1 to t = t2, s = shaded area , A Figure 6d o Uniform acceleration Initial velocity ? 0 Constant negative gradient imp lies constant negative acceleration (constant deceleration) ASD 2011/12 KINEMATICS 14/23 PPH0095 MECHANICS Figure 6e o Non-uniform velocity Initial velocity = 0 Gradient decreases, hence acceleration decreases, Displacement from t = t1 to t = t2, s = shaded area , A Figure 6f o Increasing acceleration Initial velocity = 0 Gradient increases, hence acceleration increases. Acceleration-time graph or a – t graph of a body shows how the acceleration of the body varies with time. dv a = dt Increase in velocity = ? a dt = area under the a – t graph. Figure 7 shows four acceleration–time graphs. ASD 2011/12 KINEMATICS 15/23 PPH0095 MECHANICS Figure 7a o Constant acceleration Gradient=constant Area, A = increase in velocity from t = t1 to t = t2 Figure 7b o Acceleration increases uniformly Gradient=constant Area, A = increase in velocity from t = t1 to t = t2 Figure 7c o Decreasing acceleration Area, A = decreasing in velocity from t = t1 to t = t2 ASD 2011/12 KINEMATICS 16/23 PPH0095 MECHANICS Figure 7d o Uniform velocity When velocity = constant, acceleration , a = 0 2. 11 FREE FALLING OBJECTS UNDER GRAVITY Any object moving freely under the influence of gravity, regardless of its initial motion. When an object is in free fall, we assume that air resistance is negligible and that the only force acting on it is gravity. Object thrown upward/downward, will both experience the same acceleration as an object released from rest. Assuming air resistance is negligible, the rate of acceleration (g) of all objects in free fall is approximately 9. 8 m/s2. The vertical motion of a freely falling object is equivalent to motion in one dimension under constant acceleration. The equations for uniformly accelerated motion can be applied to free fall. Since the motion is vertical, y replaces x and y0 replaces x0 while g replaces the symbol a. It is arbitrary whether we choose y to be positive in the upward or downward direction; but we must be consistent about it throughout a problem’s solution. Thrown downward: a = g = +9. 80 m/s2 Thrown upward: a = g = 3: A boy on a bridge throws a stone vertically downward toward the river below with an initial velocity of 14. 7 m/s . If the stone hits the water 2. 00 s later, what is the height of the bridge above the water? Solution: Take y as positive downward Given: v0 = 14. 7 m/s , ( downward) , t = 2. 00 s and g = + 9. 8 m/s/s 1 y y o = v o t + at 2 2 = (14. )(2. 00) + (1 / 2)(9. 8)(2. 00) 2 = 29. 4 + 19. 60 y = 49. 0 m 2. 12 PROJECTILE MOTION It is the motion in two dimensions under the action of gravity only (downward) We Can study the motion of a projectile by considering ASD 2011/12 KINEMATICS 18/23 PPH0095 MECHANICS o The vertical component. And o The horizontal component of the motion. The vertical component of motion is motion under uniform acceleration. The h orizontal component of motion is motion under uniform velocity If air resistance is negligible, then the horizontal component of motion does not change; thus ax = 0 and vx = vx0 = constant. The vertical component of motion is affected by gravity and is described by the equations for an object in free fall. To describe it, choose a suitable origin, O and the axes (Figure 9). Let vo denote the initial velocity and ? the angle between vo and the positive x-axis. Figure 9 From diagram, the motion can divide in two components, horizontal (x-axis) and vertical (y-axis). Two assumptions: o The free-fall acceleration, g is constant over the range of the motion and is directed downward. (-g) o The effect of air resistance is negligible that is the horizontal motion has zero acceleration. x-component 0 vxo = vocos? 0 = 0 vx x y-component -g vyo = vosin? yo = 0 vy y Acceleration Initial velocity Initial position Velocity Position ASD 2011/12 KINEMATICS 19/23 PPH0095 MECHANICS From this, one can show that: Vertical component (y-component): Vertical velocity component: v y = v yo gt = v o sin ? gt Vertical position component: 1 1 y = v yo t gt 2 = (v o sin ? )t gt 2 2 2 *from v = vo + at *from y = v o t + 1 2 at 2 At maximum Height, H, the vy = 0. 2 From, v = vo + 2a y 2 0 = (v o sin ? ) 2 ? 2 gH H= v0 sin 2 ? 2g 2 If T is the time taken from O to A, to find the T, y = 0, t = T From, y = v o t + 1 2 at 2 1 gT 2 2 0 = (v o sin ? T ? T = 2v o sin ? g Horizontal component (y-component): Horizontal velocity component : vx = vxo = vo cos ? Horizontal position component : x = vxot = (vo cos ? )t To find the horizontal Range, R, t = T, x = R ASD 2011/12 KINEMATICS 20/23 PPH0095 MECHANICS From x = vo t + 1 2 at ,a =0 2 ? 2v sin ? ? ? R = (v o cos ? )? o ? ? g ? ? R= v o sin 2? g The maximum horizontal range is achieved when ? = 45o. At any time the distance, r of the projectile from the origin is r = x 2 + y2 By eliminate, the trajectory (the relation between x and y) is a parabola, Vertical position component : y = (v o sin ? )t 1 2 gt 2 Horizontal position component : x = (vo cos ? ) t x t = v o cos ? ? x ? 1 ? x ? y = (vo sin ? )? ? v cos ? ? ? 2 g ? v cos ? ? ? ? ? ? o ? ? o ? g x2 = (tan ? )x ? 2 2 2vo cos ? = x tan ? ? gx 2 sec 2 ? 2 2v 2 gx 2 y = x tan ? ? 2 (1 + tan 2 ? ) 2v ASD 2011/12 KINEMATICS 21/23 PPH0095 MECHANICS Since sin 2? = sin (180o 2? ), there would be two angles of projection, ? and (90o- ? ), that would achieve a particular range R for a certain speed of projection vo . For the speed of projection vo , however, the maximum range is obtained only when the angle of projection is 45o as shown in Figure 10. Figure 10 2. 13 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION An object that moves in a circle at constant speed is said to experience uniform circular motion where the magnitude of velocity remains constant the direction of velocity continuously change Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity. The rate of change of velocity depends on the change in direction as well as the change in the magnitude . Therefore, object revolving in a circle is continuously accelerating (even when the speed remains constant). An object moving in a circle of radius r with constant speed v, has an acceleration whose direction is toward the center of the circle and whose magnitude is given by the formula 2 aR = (Please refer to text book section 5. 2, pages 120, how to get this equation) v r ASD 2011/12 KINEMATICS 22/23 PPH0095 MECHANICS v1 aR aR v1 Figure 11 The acceleration vector always points toward the center of the circle. The velocity vector always points in the direction of motion (tangent to the circle or perpendicular to the radius of the circle). Circular motion is often described in terms of the frequency f as so many revolutions per second. The period T of an object revolving in a circle is the time required for one complete revolution. T= 1 f v= 2? r T END OF CHAPTER 2. ASD 2011/12 KINEMATICS 23/23