Team Industry research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Team Industry research - Essay Example The company’s net sales for the third quarter of 2014 increased by 15 percent. The net income for the company for the third quarter 2014 was 404 million dollars. Chipotle Company is a fast food firm that specializes in tacos and burritos. The chipotle is a Mexican Spanish name, which implies dried and smoked fast food. The company mission statement and marketing strategy is based on philosophy of food with integrity, which depicts its efforts in utilizing organic ingredients and serves natural food than other established companies such as Taco Bell. Chipotle Company was established in 199 with the intention to serve quality and good food with an experienced that redefined and exceeded fast food experience (Shambora n.p). It is significant to note that the company source locally produced organic food. They utilize dairy ingredients raised in absence of synthetic hormones. In order to show its growth and success, the company ended its third quarter in the year 2014 with a whooping net income of more than 57 percent. The net sales of the company increased to nineteen percent during the third quarter, which the company said it was because of sys tem wide menu price hike. Compared to the Chipotle’ strategy, the Taco Bell strategy revolved on maintaining the current customers and ensuring that they are able to obtain the preferred flavors and taste. The strategy did not consider the impact of the dynamic change in customer preference. The change in the taste and preference of the consumer market affected Burger King Profits and sales, which is an indication of the failure of the strategy (Moskin n.p). In fact, the strategy by Chipotle was different and involved the development of products focusing on the entire market, while Taco Bell focused on super fans for long leading to serious challenge and reduction in the market share. In

Breast Cancer Essay Example for Free

Breast Cancer Essay In regard to its origin, dynamics and consequences breast cancer can be considered to be the second leading cause of cancer death among US and European women (Smith-Bindman et al, 2003).   Every year over 200,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer, and though statistical data remains constant, the issue gets significant psychological and public resonance (Jemal et al, 2004). The overall lifetime risk for American women constitutes 1:8, which essentially means that out of eight females born today, one will receive a breast cancer diagnosis during her lifetime (Ogden, 2004).    Mortality rates are highest among older African American women (American Cancer Society, 2001).   Simultaneously, statistics reveals that diseased woman’s life expectancy decreases by nineteen years. Although medical scientists and practitioners debate on the methods regarding disease treatment and how to diminish the number of breast cancer cases, many public health analysts indicate about an education exigency of young people.   Despite the fact that the younger generations are not aware of the importance of detecting breast cancer early, with the help of teens getting involved and teaching others about breast cancer, more lives will be saved. The educational program developed for young people to prevent, forecast and diminish consequences of breast cancer involves several important aspects.   Primarily, audience should know the essence of the disease, in particular its nature, various risk factors associated with it and methods of its prevention.   Younger generation should be informed about how breast cancer or its first signs could be detected, what constitutes post-diagnosis procedure and treatments of the disease.    However, from the critical point of view, the main objective of such programs is to prevent the appearance of the disease and decrease to the minimum lethal consequences.   This primary concern and emphasis are stipulated with the conditions under which if breast cancer is detected on its early stages, patients have from 78% to 92% survival rate (Ogden, 2004:10). Breast cancer is considered to be a group of undifferentiated cells reproducing under extremely rapid rate in the area of the breast in women.   The earliest changes usually appear in the epithelial cells of the terminal end buds of the breast milk system, where new cancer cells form tumors.   If cancer cell are active, the tumor increases at significant rate and may result in metastasis. Being a complex process in which cells are separated from their initial tumors and supplied trough blood and lymph systems to other organs, metastasis spreads the cancer throughout the body.   According to generally accepted medical practice, if size of a lump does not exceed one centimeter, it is indicated as benign (Hart, 1999), however, in every case adequate medical consultation should be provided. Medical specialists distinguish risk factors for breast cancer that individual can change and those that cannot be affected (Barton, 2005).   Constant risk factors are considered to be being a woman, getting older, having a family history as well as previous breast cancer history, having radiation therapy to the chest area, being Caucasian, getting periods young, usually before 12 years old, having late menopause, never having children and having genetic mutation that increases individual’s risk. There were several studies conducted regarding genetic mutation for breast cancer, and it was disclosed that 3%-10% of breast cancers are related to changes in either gene BRCA1 or the gene BRCA2 (Ogden, 2004).   Simultaneously, younger audience should be taught that along with so called uncontrolled risk factors, there are several factors that can be affected by individual’s behavior. Thus, taking hormone replacement therapy, birth control pills, not breastfeeding, moderate and heavy alcohol drinking, being overweight and not exercising can actually being qualified as risk factors for breast cancer, though not as much important as gender, age and family history (Barton, 2005:28). However, factors mentioned above can be controlled by every woman in order to reduce chances of developing a breast malignancy.   From the practical point of view, cancer risk factors are based on probabilities, therefore proper screening and early detection remain to be the most adequate methods in reducing the mortality associated with breast cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the education process, the main thing that should be emphasized is that the effectiveness of treatment is directly related to the stage on which a breast cancer is detected (Barton, 2005; Ogden, 2004).   The common medical practice indicates that regular mammography screening allows decreasing the mortality of breast cancer by 30% (Hart, 1999:144), which means that every woman should get a yearly mammogram starting from age 40 or even earlier.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the mammography screening, the x-ray picture sometimes detects various substances in the breast, essence, character and nature of which is not recognizable and thus, it may provoke unnecessary worrying of both patient and health professional (Barton , 2005).   Young woman are recommended to have a compulsory clinical breast exam done by a health professional.   In addition, during clinical breast exam everywoman has an opportunity to learn how to conduct self-examination for lumps and shape of the breast. One should not underestimate the value of clinical breast exams or self-examination because 15% of tumors are felt but cannot be detected by regular mammographic screening (Fletcher et al, 2003:1674).   Although a lump in the breast is the most common way women discover a breast cancer, younger women should understand that any changes in a breast require further medical consultation and investigation.   Among the clinical tests that are conducted in modern oncological clinics, some women are a chance to know if they have a chance of getting the disease by simply tracing back cases of breast cancer throughout   the history of relatives. Contemporary oncologists consider the following signs to be those that require immediate attention from health specialist: Thickening or density in the breast or underarm; Ulcerated or inverted nipple; Puckered or dimple skin; Redness or swelling of the breast; A lump near the breast, including the underarm, collarbone and neck (Ogden, 2004:20-22). If these abnormalities have been detected, and it should be specifically emphasized during the education program, individual should get immediate consultation (physical exam) from a health professional, get a mammogram and possibly an ultrasound, and visit a breast surgeon for examination if needed.   Contemporary medicine possesses various treatment techniques for breast cancer, in particular, radiotherapy, toxic chemotherapy combinations, hormonal treatments and prophylactic mastectomies are used to treat early lesions. 20-year follow-up data from the NSABP B-06 trial (Mirshahidi, 2004:25) have confirmed that radiation therapy clearly decreases the rate of locoregional recurrence in patients who undergo lumpectomy. Usually, radiation treatment is given after, rather than before, chemotherapy (Mirshahidi, 2005:24). Newer radiation techniques include partial breast irradiation, partial breast irradiation and brachytherapy, and interstitial brachytherapy. These techniques are under investigation and, at this point, may be used in the context of a clinical trial (Giap, 2004). Another effective treatment of the disease, adjuvant treatment, is defined as the use of systemic therapy for microscopic metastatic disease after surgical resection of the primary tumor. Chemotherapy and antiestrogen therapy are the two major forms of adjuvant treatment, and patients may be given one or both. A meta-analysis conducted by the Early Breast Cancer Trialists Collaborative Group (Mirshahidi, 2004: 25) showed the benefit of adjuvant therapy in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and in women with node-negative and node-positive disease. Breast cancer can affect almost every individual, however there are certain risk factors according to which one woman has more chances for breast cancer diagnosis.   From the statistical point of view, the lifetime risk of any woman getting the disease is about 1:8, however the lifetime risk of dying from breast cancer is lower than 1:28 (Ogden, 2004). General education about the disease, possible risk factors and various screening and detection methods allow women to notice the disease or its signs before giving it a chance to spread.   Simultaneously, education and enhanced awareness of younger generation regarding a breast cancer reveals new opportunities in preventing the disease, its consequences and diminishing lethal cases. References American Cancer Society. (2001). Cancer facts and figures, 2001 (Publication No. 5008.96).   Ã‚  Ã‚   Atlanta: American Cancer Society Hamid R. Mirshahidi, MD Jame Abraham, MD. (2004). Managing early breast    cancer.  Postgraduate Medicine.  Minneapolis: Oct. 116(4), 23-27 Joy Ogden (2004). Understanding Breast Cancer, Wiley, 2004 Diane Hart. (1999).  Diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Plastic Surgical Nursing.  Pitman:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fall.19(3): 137-145 Wylie Burke (2005). â€Å"Taking Family History Seriously†, Annals of Internal Medicine.    Philadelphia: 143(5):388-390 Huan B Giap (2004). â€Å"Accelerated breast brachytherapy: an effective and convenient alternative   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   for selected patients with early-stage breast cancer.† Women’s Oncology Review. Boca   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Raton: 4(4):251-261 Mary B. Barton, MD (2005) â€Å"Breast cancer screening.†Ã‚  Postgraduate Medicine.  Minneapolis:   Ã‚   Aug 118(2):  27-35 Fletcher S.W, Elmore J.G. (2003). â€Å"Clinical practice. Mammographic screening for breast   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   cancer.† New England Journal of Medicine; 348(17):1672-80 Smith-Bindman R., Chu P.W, Miglioretti D.L., et al. (2003). â€Å"Comparison of screening mammography in the United States and the United Kingdom.† JAMA; 290(16):2129-37 Jemal A, Clegg LX, Ward E, et al.( 2004). Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer,    1975-2001, with a special feature regarding survival. Cancer; 101(1):3-27

Own Labels In The Uk Smoothies Market Marketing Essay

Own Labels In The Uk Smoothies Market Marketing Essay For the purposes of this report a smoothie will be defined as a drink that is made with pure crushed fruit, but which may also include a small amount of fruit juice or purà ©e, yogurt, milk or soymilk, and is smooth in texture (Mintel, 2010). 1.2 The UK Smoothie Market Although the smoothies market in the UK enjoyed a period of exceptionally strong growth of more than 150% between 2005 and 2007, this has now been stalled by the impact of the recent economic recession and consumers switching their loyalty to alternative, cheaper pure fruit drinks. As well as suffering from unfavourable economic conditions, smoothie manufactures have failed to convince UK consumers that the drinks are not full of calories and are not bad for their teeth., despite strong contradictory evidence from the British Nutrition Foundation. The result of all of this is that the smooothies market declined by some 36% between 2007 and 2009 (Mintel Report Sales Brochure, 2010). The brand leader in the smoothie market, Innocent, has largely been responsible for fuelling the growth in the market and despite the general market downturn, it still commands an 80% market share. However, Innocents market share has been boosted, not just by its own performance, but also by the decision taken by PepsiCo to remove its PJs brand in early 2009. PepsiCos rationale for removing the brand was that it enabled it to focus on its best selling Tropicana brand, which added a smoothie to its range in February 2008 (Lewis, 2008). The smoothie market is now showing signs of a fragile recovery and Mintel forecasts that improved economic conditions, together with the increased penetration of the childrens market, will see the smoothies sector returning to growth soon see Figure 1 below (Mintel Report Sales Brochure, 2010). FIGURE 1 Trends and Forecast for Volume Sales of Smoothies, 2005-2015 Total Index % annual change m litres 2005 27 66 +69 2006 52 127 +93 2007 70 171 +35 2008 60 146 -14 2009 45 110 -25 2010 (est) 41 100 -9 2011 (fore) 44 107 +7 2012 (proj) 48 116 +9 2013 (proj) 53 130 +12 2014 (proj) 58 141 +8 2015 (proj) 64 155 +10 2.0 The Importance of Branding in the Smoothies Market With consumers becoming increasingly sophisticated and confident in being able to differentiate between the offerings of various suppliers in a marketplace, the value of a strong brand has never been more critical (Mitchell et al., p.201. 2003). According to Aaker (p.95, 1996), to be successful, brands should offer consumers a value proposition, which constitutes functional, emotional and self- expressive benefits. Branding is critical in the soft drinks market as a whole. For example, Coca-Cola (a stakeholder in Innocent) believes that 96% of its total worth as a business can be attributed to its brand (Knox, 2004). In the smoothies market the brand leader, Innocent, has demonstrated the value of a strong brand. The name Innocent positions the brand as simple, pure and safe thus delivering both functional and emotional benefits within its brand value proposition. There are a number of reasons why branding is critical to success in the smoothies market, namely: Consumers are cynical about manufacturers claims of the health benefits of smoothies. Consumers believe smoothies are too expensive compared to other fruit drinks. Because smoothies are a relatively new product in the market they do not resonate with the 45+ age group which is a potentially significant market segment for smoothies. The distribution of smoothies relies too heavily on the big supermarket chains leaving them open to competition from supermarket own brands. Smoothies brands have largely recognised the value of branding in the marketplace and this is evidenced by a three fold increase in total advertising spend in the sector in 2009/10. The leading brands have built up a lot of brand equity as a result (see Figure 2). However, despite this the leading brands have not been able to rely on their brand reputation and equity to boost sales, rather they have had to discount the price of their products extensively in 2008/9, which may impact negatively on the equity of the brands in the longer term. Figure 2: Personalities of Various Smoothie Brands, May 2010 Benecol Innocent Ellas Kitchen Tropicana Average Base: internet users aged 16+ who have heard of the brand 1,517 1,795 674 1,718 % % % % % Authentic 10 19 10 16 14 Boring 9 2 4 3 4 Cool 6 21 10 16 14 Delicious 9 35 10 28 21 Engaging 5 12 6 8 8 Exciting 4 19 9 11 11 Fun 5 26 12 15 14 Genuine 14 23 12 20 17 Healthy 42 49 19 36 36 Natural 23 43 18 31 29 Refreshing 9 30 11 34 21 Special 9 22 8 11 12 Tired 4 1 3 3 3 Traditional 8 7 8 19 10 Unappealing 11 4 5 4 6 Unhealthy 1 1 2 2 2 Vibrant 4 18 8 13 11 Source: GMI/Mintel 3.0 The Threat from Own Labels in the Smoothies Market The growth of supermarket own label brands is having a big impact on the sale of manufacturer branded, fast-moving, consumer goods (Veloutsou, 2004). Supermarket own label brands are no longer just the lower quality and lower priced alternatives to manufacturer brands that they once were as since the late 1990s they have been offering a genuine quality option for consumers (Burt, 2000). Porters (p.49, 1989), includes the threat from substitute products as one of the five forces in his model of industry competitors see Figure 3 below. FIGURE 3 : Porters Five Forces Model of Industry Competitors : Substitute products, in the form of own labels, pose a significant threat to established brands in the smoothie marketplace. The leading brands, such as Innocent, are suffering from consumers switching to own label smoothie and fruit juice products, in the shorter term, due mainly to price considerations. The extent of this switch is evidenced by the fact that the large supermarkets now dominate the fruit juice drinks market with their own brands (Keynote, 2010). 4.0 The Brand Position of Tropicana in the UK Smoothes Market Best known for its fruit juice products Tropicana launched its smoothie in 2008 supported by a  £4.5 million promotional campaign. Owners PepsiCo intended that the Tropicana smoothie would fill the gap left by its withdrawal of the PJs brand. However, despite the huge investment in promotional support and PepsiCos knowledge of the soft drinks market, Tropicana has failed to deliver. Although it is now the second largest of the manufacturer brands, in terms of market share, it is a long way behind the brand leader, Innocent. Its sales and market share have also taken a nosedive from its peak of 2008 see Figure 4 below. Figure 4 : Trends for Take-home Market Share of Smoothie Brands, 2007-2009 2007 2008 2009 2007-09  £m % share  £m % share  £m % share % point difference Innocent 150 71 120 71 100 80 -33 PJs* 25 12 10 6 na na na Tropicana Smoothies 8 4 15 9 3 2 -63 Ellas Kitchen 1.5 1 2.2 1 2.5 2 67 Sub-total 185 88 147 87 106 84 -43 Others 4 2 5 3 4 3 Own-label 22 10 18 10 16 12 -28 Total 210 100 170 100 125 100 -40 * brand discontinued in late 2008 Despite its poor sales performance in 2009, Tropicana is not a bad performer, in terms of its appeal to consumers, with just over two-thirds of those surveyed by Mintel saying that they liked it and would buy it again. However, most consumers still regard Tropicana as a juice and not a smoothies brand. 5.0 Summary and Conclusions Following a significant period of growth, the smoothies market has declined in the last two years and is only just showing signs of recovery. The market is dominated by Innocent and other brands, such as Tropicana, have failed to establish a meaningful foothold despite massive marketing spends. Brand reputation and equity is key to the success of smooothies and Innocent has successfully established its brand in the consumer psyche. In terms of leveraging its brand then Tropicana has an inherent problem inasmuch as it is still best known as a fruit juice, not a smoothie, brand. It needs, therefore, to build its reputation as a smoothies brand by delivering a value proposition targeted specifically at smoothie drinkers and supported by its brand strength in the juices market. The fact that consumers generally like its smoothie product and would buy it again are a good foundation for future growth. Also, considering the brand personality scores shown in Figure 2, where Tropicana is generally in second place, there are opportunities to build on the brand attributes of authentic, cool delicious fun and genuine, in future promotional activity. The short shelf life of all smoothies makes it difficult for them to penetrate the on-trade. However, smoothies have not really targeted themselves at the impulse purchase consumer and, consequently, this is a potential area of growth as is the largely undeveloped childrens market. -

Sweet Choices Essay -- Business, Dairy Queen, Grandpa McCullough

I. The Beginnings of Dairy Queen The founders of Dairy Queen's famous soft serve ice cream, John Fremont 'Grandpa' McCullough and his son Alex McCullough, originally established the Homemade Ice Cream Company in 1927 in Davenport, Iowa. The father and son duo originally sold an assortment of ice cream products in and around places like Moline and Rock Island, Illinois, and Bettendorf and Davenport, Iowa, until the need to expand in the early 1930's caused the McCullough's to decide to relocate their ice cream mix plant to a former cheese factory in Green River, Illinois. The process the McCullough's used to make ice cream was difficult and complex: Butterfat, milk solids, sweetener, and stabilizer were first combined, then mixed, and finally put into a batch freezer where the combination was chilled, given a specific amount of air (technically called 'overrun'), and flavored. The product was denser and richer than most ice creams, with less overrun. When the temperature reached 23 degrees Fahrenheit, a spigot was opened in the freezer and the soft ice cream flowed into three- gallon containers. The containers were covered with lids, frozen at minus-ten degrees Fahrenheit, and delivered to customers. When an ice cream store was ready to serve the product, the ice cream was put into a dipping cabinet and the temperature increased to five degrees Fahrenheit. (IDQ 1920-40) At the time, ice cream was frozen solid to accommodate manufacturers and store owners when they transferred the ice cream from one location to another location. However, when ice cream is served at such cold temperatures, it causes consumers taste buds to become numb which, subsequently, meant that consumers could not get the full flavor of the ice... ...65 in Canada, 123 in Japan, and over 30 in eight other foreign countries. (IDQ 1970) While the addition of the Peanut Butter Parfait and the Hot Fudge Brownie Delight in the 1980's proved to be very successful, it was the Blizzard that propelled the company to the number one spot in America's treat chain industry. This unique soft serve medley, mixed with fruit, cookies, and candy, sold over 175 million units in its first year alone. (IDQ 1980-90) The company gradually continued domestic and international growth in the early 1990's. Around the U.S., stores began to open in more non-traditional areas such as airports, railroad stations, shopping malls, and even office complexes. Internationally, the company planned to open stores in Western and Eastern Europe while development was started in Thailand, Cyprus, Kuwait, Oman, Taiwan, and Indonesia. (IDQ 1980-90)

The Public Health Campaigns Health And Social Care Essay

Even though the relationship between cervical malignant neoplastic disease and sexual activity has proved by surveies to be near and the function of the HPV virus in the development of cervical malignant neoplastic disease is well-known, the reviewed articles showed that there have n't been emphasized plenty by the public wellness runs ( Waller, McCaffery and Wardle 2004 ) . Specifically in the NHS, the information provided is limited. Some surveies demonstrated that the medical cusps highlight the taking behavioural hazard factors such as the early age of first intercourse, the high figure of sexual spouses or the deficiency of usage of rubbers, nevertheless, the relationship between a sexual transmitted virus and cervical malignant neoplastic disease is n't presented clearly ( Waller, McCaffery and Wardle 2004 ) . Sexual activity of adolescents could be characterized as either a milepost of their development or a field of unsafe behaviour. During pubescence, gender becomes active as adolescents experiment, seeking for ‘sexual individuality ‘ . Merely one article ( [ 13 ] ) refering Greece high spot that to day of the month Greece competes with the highest abortion incidence rates worldwide and sexually transmitted diseases are the most common public wellness job among striplings. The deficiency of information on how to protect themselves for unintended gestation of STIs could be ruinous ( Iliadou and Palaska 2008 ) . Harmonizing to this survey, sexual instruction is limited and unsatisfactory among striplings in Greece because conservative positions claim that sexual wellness instruction shows new patterns to the immature people which otherwise they would n't follow. Specifically the chief beginnings of information on contraceptive method are friends ( 66 % ) , household ( 60 % ) a nd books or magazines ( 59 % ) whereas the wellness professional apply merely the 3.3 % of the replies ( Iliadou and Palaska 2008 ) . Contrary to the immature Greek population, research workers examined striplings of other states such as Denmark and they concluded that they have equal cognition on how to protect themselves while adult females and work forces are considered every bit responsible for the transmittal of STIs ( Mortensen 2010 ) . In add-on, most surprising is that besides the UK provides limited cognition on the STIs and HPV infection in both work forces and adult females. Five of the surveies ( [ 20 ] , [ 30 ] , [ 31 ] , [ 32 ] , [ 33 ] ) provided studies which proved that 67 % of the people responded that ‘many sexual spouses ‘ is a major cause of cervical malignant neoplastic disease whereas merely 31 % replied ‘viruses or infection ‘ . Merely 1 % of the respondents answered that HPV virus is a causal factor of cervical malignant neoplastic disease ( Waller, McCaffery and Wardle 2004 ) . The same surveies demonstrated that the form of cognition seems to divert across different age groups. For illustration, adult females of 55-64 old ages old are most likely to cognize hazard factors such as the sexual activity and holding many sexual spouses. On the other manus, younger adult females of 16-24 old ages old and people holding hapless instruction showed the lowest consciousness of the hazard factors ( Waller, McCaffery and Wardle 2004 ) ( Wardle, et Al. 2001 ) . This study raises the inquiry on the cognition British adult females have, sing the sexual behaviour. Furthermore, the overall cognition on sexually transmitted infections ( STI ) is surprisingly low among pupils. British female pupils were familiar with the smear trial as a preventative cervical malignant neoplastic disease testing step and they replied that they had ne'er considered themselves to be examined but they expressed an involvement in the HPV vaccinum. On the other manus, work forces were n't certain what smear trial is ( Martin, et Al. 2011 ) . Hence, what is revealed is that the recent high cervical malignant neoplastic disease incidence rates are the result of a wellness instruction system where the cognition of the sexual behaviour is limited and it is n't concentrated on the self-management and the subject of the organic structure. All these findings, in add-on to the 14 % increased incidence rates in the last four old ages ( Cancer Research UK, 2012 ) demonstrate that the current wellness instruction peculiarly in school-based undertakings in the UK is hapless and one-sided. It focuses largely on the unintended gestation and contributes to the position that sexual wellness is merely adult female ‘s duty. These surveies ( [ 30 ] , [ 32 ] , [ 33 ] ) show that school based programmes in the UK fail to understand that betterment of misbehaviour is required to set up self-discipline. Alternatively, these school-based programmes should intent to increase the cognition of the adolescences to supervise themselves, produce the consciousness of the hazard factors and make the sense of personal duty in take parting on a regular basis in the showing trials. Hence, wellness instruction would finally make adept disciplined organic structures. This manner, the organic structure becomes cardinal. The construct of bio-po wer is placed to exert non merely the organic structure but besides the psyche. For that ground, there was ever been a argument on whether the UK should present unfastened treatments about sex in a school-based programme and educate adolescents on proper sexual behaviour and their engagement to testing trials in order to cut down the sexually familial infections ( Martin, et Al. 2011 ) . Overall, it is dismaying that most people in Britain consider household medical history as most noteworthy factor for cervical malignant neoplastic disease than the infection by STIs ( Waller, McCaffery and Wardle 2004 ) . However, acceptance and execution of wellness instruction programmes outside school, has been a topic of research. Contrary to what Nettleton claims there is besides the belief provided chiefly by Annemarie Mol that wellness instruction of public wellness is n't adequate to do people move rationally and give up unhealthy life styles. Public wellness runs are accused for being really general and that they address the full population without taking into consideration the differences among people ‘s wellness position and the stipulations for disease. Every educational run focuses on the population as a entire and as all being equal and they do n't acknowledge that when the educational programmes address the whole population, there is a portion of it, that ca n't hold entree to the healthy life style they suggest and people do n't see themselves reflecting in this state of affairs ( Mol 2008 ) . Furthermore, gender is a sensitive field that most adult females feel uncomfortable and diffident to discourse about publically. Any public statement that emphasizes on the nexus between cervical malignant neoplastic disease, sexual activity and smear trial, sounds to be about the adult female ‘s ‘ ain gender ( Braun and Gavey 1999 ) . This is the ground why the wellness instruction even in public wellness runs should be targeted to specific age groups. School is a promising manner. Harmonizing to the undermentioned surveies ( [ 20 ] , [ 30 ] , [ 31 ] ) school is the lone establishment in our society where many immature people attend before their first intercourse. Given proper and sufficient wellness instruction, it is cardinal that the self-management of the adolescences is improved and the informed pick is activated. Health instruction finally creates to the adult females the sense of power and subject on their ain organic structure. Self-discipline is considered as a moral behaviour which is motivated by intrinsic factors. The school-based programmes aim to better these factors and make a sense of cognizing ego and lead to active agents of the society where people control themselves unconsciously ; that is, school- based programmes create what Foucault has defined as docile organic structures. Harmonizing to su rveies conducted in the '90s and 2000, there is no grounds that sexual instruction increases the sexual activity. Alternatively, the sexual instruction specifically in school-based programmes delays the first intercourse, increases the usage of prophylactic methods and reduces the figure of sexual spouses ( Kirby, et Al. 1994 ) ( Dolan Mullen, et Al. 1995 ) ( Iliadou and Palaska 2008 ) . Most significantly, through the wellness instruction course of study there were important positive consequences sing the decrease of unhealthy wonts ( Glanz, Rimer and Viswanath 2008 ) ( Dolan Mullen, et Al. 1995 ) such as smoke, and a important addition in the inoculation rates. In add-on, in the 1980s research surveies was found out that among simple and secondary school kids, wellness instruction really improved kids ‘s wellness attitude and behaviour ( Dolan Mullen, et Al. 1995 ) . Therefore, it is a great chance to turn to wellness instruction programmes particularly sing the decrease of hazardous sexual behaviour ( Kirby, et Al. 1994 ) and the regular engagement in diagnostic trials because most HPV instances are reported in immature ages of 20-24 old ages old. There are many ways to believe that public policy can forbid hazardous activities and advance healthy manner of life. Recreation countries and rigorous nutrient statute law are some public intercessions Mol suggests through which, people can switch into rational mundane wonts ( Mol 2008 ) . Information runs on the HPV inoculation is another 1. Some articles consider Denmark as a important illustration that makes a important attempt since the debut of the HPV vaccinum in 2006, to educate the female population with HPV information runs. These runs are concentrated on the safety, the cost, the efficiency and possible side effects of the vaccinums ( Mortensen 2010 ) . Besides, in the same model, the two vaccinum makers organized a media-based run meaning to inform the female population on the benefits of the inoculation ( Mortensen 2010 ) . The engagement of adult females in these events can increase their cognition on the disease and the possible hazard factors and they can do informed picks on showing or inoculation. Not surprisingly, in most of the developed states the cervical malignant neoplastic disease testing system is advanced, nevertheless as surveies show, adult females still develop cervical malignant neoplastic disease ( Bosh and Harper 2006 ) . So, primary bar has a double function ; in the first topographic point, the end of the wellness instruction is to supply information through a non-threatening, easy and accessible manner and raise the consciousness of persons about organic structure care and lifestyle alteration to forestall disease through assorted programmes. Through nonsubjective and progressive information, people can go rational histrions for them and they can acknowledge easy the hazard factors and the dangers of specific activities. For illustration, research analyzing the attitude of adult females and parents for the HPV vaccinum demonstrated that given the right information on the safety and efficaciousness of the vaccinum, they promote its usage ( Raffle, 2007 ) ( Bun n 2008 ) . Hence, a wide and complete educational programme is indispensable to trip an informed pick. Most of the articles pointed out that it is cardinal that adult females have the ability to do their ain wellness picks. Additionally, another end of the wellness instruction is to stress the personal duty for wellness and promote the engagement of adult females on wellness services ( Scambler 2005 ) . Women should experience that go toing the cervical malignant neoplastic disease testing scrutinies is a personal determination. In Western societies, people are an ideal illustration of docile organic structures as they are encouraged to take attention of their organic structure through preventative interventions and they are induced to command their wellness. Namely, protection of their organic structures is a portion of their duty as being members of the society ( Braun and Gavey 1999 ) ( Petersen and Lupton 2000 ) . As Mol agrees, it is better to promote people to take part in suc h intercessions instead than compel them ( Mol 2008 ) . No power system has of all time survived with the fright and coercion as the lone arms.

Shia and Sunni Realms

Shia and Sunni Realms Introduction Islam is the second largest religion in the world in terms of the population as well as global spread. Prophet Muhammad started the religion in the year 610 CE after receiving a revelation through Gabriel who delivered a message to him from God. Islam believers and followers are referred to as Muslims.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Shia and Sunni Realms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Quran is their holy book that acts as a guide for all Muslims as it contains the message from Prophet Muhammad. It guides Muslims on how to live and or conduct their lives religiously. Blanchard (2009, 2) indicates that several Muslim groups have emerged. The groups are defined by their beliefs and practices through their interpretation of the Quran. Among them are the Shia, the Sunnis, Sufism, Ahmadiya, Ibadi, and Yazdanism amongst others. The paper focuses on the Sunni and Shia groups, which are the largest in the world of Muslims, in an effort to find out their defining factors in terms of development, beliefs and traditions, and their significant followers amongst other parameters. Development of the Shia The Shia group of Muslims is the second largest group after the Sunnis. It constitutes about 10-20% of the whole Muslim population in the world. The development of the Shia community started immediately the prophet died due to the different schools of thought adopted by leaders who were around the prophet. This difference was brought about by a succession in terms of who should succeed the prophet in addition to how it should be done. In fact, the prophet had died without clearly indicating how the succession would happen. Therefore, the leading clerics around him took upon themselves to define what the prophet’s succession would have meant thus leading to the emergence of the two groups. Shomali (2003) postulates that the Shia group was guided by the belief that the prophet had app ointed his caliph through divine messages that he had given his followers when he was alive. This revelation was simply an interpretation of the messages he had left behind, which was contrary to what the Sunni group believed. The Shia group is guided by the belief that the Muslim nation’s leadership is a prerogative of God who should be the sole appointer of their leader. This teaching led this group to follow Ali ibn Abi Talib who was Prophet Mohammad’s son in-law.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Development of the Sunni The development of the Sunni can be traced back to the time when the prophet Muhammad died. There was a need to appoint a successor in his place. The Sunni can be described as the largest branch of Islam making up 75-90% of the Muslim population in approximation. The emergence of the Sunni group came about the same time as the Shia g roup. The two can be described as the original groups of Islam immediately after the demise of the prophet. Elshamsy (2008) states that the Sunni came about due to the belief that the appointment of the caliphate was a prerogative of the people and that the first four caliphs were supposed to be the successors of the prophet because he had not appointed a successor nor defined the succession procedure to his followers at the time of his death. The Sunnis therefore believe that a caliph should be chosen by the community and can be anyone as long as he or she is righteous as per the Quran teachings. They therefore do not believe that only the descendants of the prophet should lead the Muslim community. Beliefs and Traditions of the Shia The Shias just like all other Muslims believe that Prophet Mohammad was God’s last prophet and that he was sent by Allah as a messenger to the people to spread Islam. The Shia people believe in the hadith, which are defined as the sayings of the prophet and his aides, which usually form part of the Quran. The Shias believe in the five pillars of Islam, which are Shahada, Salat, Zakat, Saum, and Hajji. These five tenets are the guiding principles that all Muslims should follow for them to attain holiness. Other than the Quran, the Shia derive their teachings and practices from the Sunna, which are the customs and practices done by the prophet ranging from the qiyas, which are analogies to the Ijma, which can be described as a consensus, not ignoring the ijtihad, which is a given individual’s reasoning as Barzegar (2008, 88) reveals. The Shia group believes that the leadership of Islam should be God appointed since He (God) appointed the prophet and that it should follow the prophet’s bloodline. The group also holds that the mujtahids, who are spiritual people, took over the leadership of faith and community when the Imams who were offsprings of Ali ended and that the heads have the mandate to construe lawful, supernatural, and holy knowledge to the community. The Shia group views and commemorates Ashura, which is the tenth day of the month Muharram according to the Islamic calendar according to Fibiger (2010, 32). This day marks the time when Hussein who was Ali’s youngest son was killed by Sunni forces in Karbala Iraq.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Shia and Sunni Realms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, it observes the day by self-flagellation. Hussein was killed in the year 680 by Sunni forces. The Shia group is strongly guided by the doctrine of the imamate. It centers most of its beliefs and teachings on Ali. According to it, the Imam is sinless and infallible and a source of religious absolute. Beliefs and Traditions of the Sunni Just like the Shia, the Sunni came about due to the succession debate within the Muslim society. The Sunnis suppose that the religious head should be chosen through consent of the community and not simply from the bloodline of the prophet. They believe that the prophet Muhammad was a messenger sent by God. They believe in the hadith and the teachings of the Quran. Just like the Shia, the Sunni believe and practice the five pillars of Islam, which are Shahada, Salat, Zakat, Saum, and Hajj. Shias’ teachings are based on the Quran, the Sunna, the hadith, the qiyas, the Ijma, and Ijtihad. The Sunnis never bestow the status of the prophet to their leaders, as they believe that the last person to have the status was the prophet himself. The Sunnis do not have a strict and complicated religious hierarchy. They allow laypersons to lead prayers at the mosque. The practice is only restricted to religious leaders under the Shia group. The Sunnis have several permissible institutions that provide jurisprudence when it comes to the construal of legal issues. The four are Hanfi, founded by Abu Hanifa, Maliki, founded by Malik ibn Anas, Shafi founded by Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi, and the Hanbali, which was founded by Ahmad Hanbal. These legal schools are prevalent in specific regions of the world, which have chosen to use them as Blanchard (2009, 3) points out. Within the Sunni group, there is a movement called Wahabi, which can be described as purist that interprets the Quran in a fundamentalist way. The Sunni group believes that they are the original group and that their interpretation of the Quran is the correct one. Under the Sunni group, the Imams have a big responsibility when it comes to matters of birth, marriage, and death. They are viewed as the leaders of the religion. Leaders and Significant Followers of Shia The Shia can be described as the most fragmented group in the Muslim nation because of the different factions it has among its followers. The Shia group follows Ali who was Muhammad’s cousin as well as the son in law with the belief that Muslim leadership is God appointed. The Shia group has most of its followers in Iraq, Iran, Yemen, central Asia, and Southern Asia. The Shia group is divided into different groups with two major ones coming out prominently.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As Shomali (2003) explains, there is the twelver Shiism that believes in the line of twelve imams who are descendants from Ali whose appointments were divine from birth. The twelve Shia leaders are Ali ibn Abu Talib, Hassan ibn Ali, Husayn ibn Ali, Ali ibn Husayn, Muhammad ibn Ali, Jafar ibn Muhammad, Musa ibn Jafar, Ali ibn Musa, Muhammad ibn Ali, Ali ibn Muhammad, Hassan ibn Ali, and Muhammad ibn Alhassan. All of these leaders were assassinated. They existed at different lines with all of them being descendants of Ali. Leaders and Significant Followers of the Sunni The Sunnis believe in the first four Caliphs after the demise of the prophet. The Sunni subscribe to four schools of Jurisprudence brought about by the four leaders at different times. These schools of jurisprudence have been spread across the Sunni followers across the world with people in specific areas subscribing to specific schools of thought. Fibiger (2010, 34) lists four scholars that the Sunnis look up to. They include Abu Hanifa (d. 767 AD) whose jurisprudence is called the Hanafi having followers in Bangladesh, turkey, the Balkans, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Afghanistan, Jordan, Central Asia and India. The other scholar is Malik ibn Anas (d. 795 AD) whose followers call themselves the Maliki group. They are mostly found in Bahrain, Kuwait, North Africa, and Mauritania. Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi’s (d. 819 AD) school of jurisprudence is called Shafi group and is prevalent in Malaysia, Egypt, Somalia, Sudan, parts of Yeme,n and Ethiopia. Ahamad Hanbali (d. 855) has Hanbali as his school of jurisprudence. He has followers in the following parts of the world who subscribe to his views and thoughts: Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arabs Emirates, and Oman. Ground Breaking Events of the Shia Groundbreaking events of the Shia Muslims can be traced back to the day the prophet Mohamed was born. This period was in earnest the start of Islam as a religion, which would later on lead to the develo pment of the Shia group. The death of Muhammad in the year 632 AD led to succession events with the majority siding with Abu Bakr while the minority sided with Ali only for the group to secure the name Shiat Ali. During this period, the once unified Muslim nation became divided thus giving birth to the Shia and Sunni. Fibiger (2010) states that the killing of Husain who was Ali’s youngest son and a third successor after Ali led to the remembrance of the day by celebrating the day of Ashura when he was killed. This experience further aligned the Shia Muslims towards having their identity in the leadership of Prophet Muhammad’s lineage thus strengthening the Shia group. Ground Breaking Events of the Sunni The groundbreaking events for the Sunni following can be ascribed to the birth of the prophet who later on led the Muslim world. All Muslims celebrate the birth of the prophet because it was the first step to the birth of Islam. The demise of the forecaster led to the s eparation of the Muslim world between the two groups under scrutiny. From this point, the Sunnis were able to define their principles and beliefs. Before the death of the prophet, the Muslims were one group under the leadership of the prophet. According to Sunni News (2009), the Sunni also celebrate the Ashura but not with the same reasons as the Shia but rather as instructions from the prophet who observed the day by fasting. Generally, very few Sunni events can be described as specifically belonging to the Sunnis because most of the days they celebrate are also common with the Shia. Where the Shia Stand Today The Shia group remains small in terms of followership compared to the Sunni. The Shia group is concentrated in specific countries. Their interpretation of the Quran has been criticized as being manipulative to fit their own theories. Nevertheless, the Shia group remains a big force to reckon within the Muslim world because they form almost a quarter of the Muslim population. The Shia Muslims continue to be persecuted in countries where there is the majority of Sunnis. The situation has led to what can be described as an intra-religious war between the two groups. The current structure of the Shia continues to be led by Imams who are regarded as their spiritual leaders. Although they have had splits, the different Shia groups have minor differences that tend to define their existence. For instance, the seveners and the twelvers are the major Shia groups in existence. The groups are divided along diverse schools of thought about the lineage of Imams to follow. As Barzegar (2008) states, some of the Shias hadiths differ from those of the Sunnis. In fact, they include some imams that are not recognized by the Sunni. The Shias just like other religious groups has an expansionist agenda of converting more followers into its group. Where the Sunni Stand Today The Sunnis comprise the largest Muslim group in the world with a 75-90% followership in the whole Musl im nation. Their spread in the world is also the largest due to its popularity. Blanchard (2009, 2) finds that the Sunnis have an organized leadership in the countries where they exist with the highest honor being bestowed on the most learned leader in religious matters. They can be found in countries like Iran where the Ayatollah wields so much influence in both spiritual and political matters. The Sunnis view the Shia people as a group that is out to distort Islamic teachings for selfish reasons by taking every opportunity to fight them. The Sunnis continue to popularize Islam wherever they are by starting community projects that help the community with the aim of winning more converts by generally performing their religious duty as per the Quran. Bibliography Barzegar, Kayhan. â€Å"Iran Shiite Cresent: Myths and Realities.† Brown Journal of World  Affairs 15, no. 1 (2008): 87-99. Blanchard, Christopher. Islam: Sunnis and Shiites. London: Congressional Research Service, 2009. Elshamsy, Ahmad. â€Å"The first Shafii. The Traditionalist Legal Thought of Abu Yaqub alBuwayt.† Islamic Law Society 14, no. 3 (2007): 301-341. Fibiger, Thomas. â€Å"Ashura in Bahrain.† Social Analyst 54, no. 3 (2010): 29-46. Shomali, Muhammad. â€Å"Shia Islam: Origins, Faith and Practices.† Last modified June 20, 2003. http://shiabook.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post_3293.html Sunni News. â€Å"Sunni Muslims Look at Ashura as good.† Web.

Benefits from Drinking Milk Essays

Benefits from Drinking Milk Essays Benefits from Drinking Milk Essay Benefits from Drinking Milk Essay This slogan was part of an ad campaign started in 1993 up until February of this year to encourage more and more people to drink cows milk 2. For thousands of years, people have been drinking milk, and its become a sat pale in many of our diets and meals. A. For years weve poured milk into our cereal and poured glasses of milk to accompany our cookies and ores. B. Theres no denying the fact that drinking milk CAN be beneficial for your health , but recent studies have revealed that milk is not as great and healthy as this a d campaign has led people to believe. 3. Im not here to say that all dairy products should be eliminated. Milk, yogurt, a ND cheese can be very healthy when eaten in moderation, but Im here today to t ell you why you may want to cut milk from your diet if you havent already. Body 1. Milk IS nutritious and can be healthy when drunk in moderation. A. A glass of milk contains calcium, protein, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, and many the r nutrients. One of the problems is that a glass of milk also contains pus cells, feces, and n acidic animal protein that increases calcium loss from our bones, but more on that later. Milk also contains bioengineering hormones, antibiotics, and pesticides, all of which are bad for not only us but also the environment. 2. Im sure that some of you here have probably been advised as a child to drink plenty of milk to build strong bones, and to prevent osteoporosis, which is a disease that causes bones to become weak and brittle, in the future. A. A glass of milk has 300 MGM of calcium, which means that its ideal for preventing osteoporosis, right? B. Well according to the Harvard School of Public Health, the answer is no. . Amy Llano PhD, who is the nutrition director for the Physicians Committee f or Responsible Medicine states that the countries with the highest rates of osteoporosis are the ones where people drink the most milk and have the MO SST calcium in their diets. D. The 1 2 year long Harvard Nurses Health Study discovered that those who consumed the most calcium from dairy foods broke more bones than those who rarely drank milk. . According to the American Journal of Epidemiology, consumption of dairy products was associated with an increased risk of hip fracture at an old age. The irony is that the animal protein in milk causes our bodies pH levels to become more acidic, which means that when we ingest milk, calcium is drawn out from our bones to neutralize the effects of this animal protein, and this in turn depl etes the calcium in our bones. In short, the calcium that our bones need to stay strong and healthy is used to cancel out the acidifying effects of milk. 1. Once it leaves the bones, it exits the body through urine, and the net result is a calcium deficit. 3. Research has also shown that milk increases the risk of cancer in men. A. A Harvard study has discovered that men who drank two or more glasses of ilk a day were almost twice as likely to develop prostate cancer as opposed t o those who did not drink milk at all. 4. Cows milk is the perfect drink. If you were a calf. A. Cows milk is perfectly suited for a calf and is capable of turning a pound calf into a pounded cow in just one year. Humans are the only creatures on earth who drink milk past infancy, and the only ones who drink the milk off different creature. i. The truth is that humans arent meant to drink cows milk. 1. 65% of the worlds population is lactose intolerant, and 90% Of East Asian people are lactose intolerant. Milk is generally unhealthy in and of itself . In 2010, research in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology has found that there is an association between dairy consumption and acne, and some dermatologists advise their patients to limit their dairy intake 2. Milk is referred to as liquid red meat due to the fact that its very high in saturated fat, which is associated with increased rates of heart attacks. 3. Cow milk has three times more protein than human milk, which creates disturbances in our metabolisms. A. These disturbances have detrimental consequences to the health of our bones. There are many better, healthier ways to obtain the nutrients that milk offers without the downsides. 1. Milk substitutes include almond, soy, rice, coconut and hemp milks, which can be obtained at most supermarkets. . Yogurt is healthy to eat and is much healthier than milk and you wont have to deal with any of these adverse consequences. 3. You can get plenty of calcium and nutrients from vegetables and nuts, and you wont get the gastrointestinal problems that come with drinking too much milk. Conclusion 1. All in all, while milk does have its benefits, the disadvantages outweigh the advantages. Adjust does not make any sense to continue drinking milk when there are man other healthier alternatives.

The object of the book Financial Accounting Theory Essay Example

The object of the book Financial Accounting Theory Essay Example The object of the book Financial Accounting Theory Essay The object of the book Financial Accounting Theory Essay Scott ( 2006 ) explained that his book Financial Accounting Theory is about accounting and non how to account. He besides argues that accounting pupils, holding been exposed to the methodological analysis and pattern of accounting, need at least one class that critically examines the broader deductions of fiscal accounting for the just and efficient operation of our economic system. What is the aim of the book and why it designed a such manner that every reader have to understand the current fiscal accounting and coverage and at same clip have to see the diverse involvement of the external users and direction? Presents, accounting is viewed equivalent word in our life. Whatever we do, we frequently related with accounting. Even, in our concern, we are utilizing the history about every clip. So, what significance of accounting? And what is the intent of accounting until all people utilizing it. Harmonizing to American Institute of Certified Public Accountants ( AICPA, 1953 ) , accounting defined as the art of recording, sorting and sum uping, in a important mode and in footings of money, minutess and events which are in portion at least, of a fiscal character and construing the consequence thereof. However, Belkaoui et Al. ( 2000 ) have clarify in their book Accounting Theory , in where, the range of accounting in this definition is limited. A broader position is offered in the undermentioned definition of accounting, besides by AICPA ( 1966 ) , as the procedure of identifying, mensurating and pass oning economic information to license informed judgements and determinations by users of the information. While, the chief intent of accounting is to supply and bring forth the information about the economic behaviour ensuing from a house s activities within its environment and is needed by house for determination devising. By and large, there are two types of the accounting viz. fiscal accounting and direction accounting. Management accounting is used chiefly by users within a house. The direction accounting studies can be generated for any period of clip such as day-to-day, hebdomadal or monthly and considered to be future looking and have calculating value to those within the house. While, fiscal accounting is used chiefly by people who outside of a house. Whereby, the studies are normally created for a fit period of clip such as a financial twelvemonth or period. Basically, fiscal studies are historically factual and have prognostic value to those who wish to do fiscal determinations or investings in a house. However, for this paper, the inquiry that given merely focused to fiscal accounting particularly fiscal accounting theory from William R. Scoot s book. Before travel excessively far, allow s see the significance of the fiscal accounting based on a old beginning that fiscal accounting is the field of accounting concerned with the readying of fiscal statements for determination shapers and focused to people outside the organisation or non involved in the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours running of the house. In add-on, fiscal accounting is performed harmonizing to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) guidelines. Accounting as a subject can non keep without a organic structure of cognition called theory. There are assorted positions as what constitutes a theory. The Oxford English Dictionary provides many definitions including, a strategy or system of thoughts or statements held as an account or history of a group of facts and phenomena . It besides defined as a coherent group of general propositions used as rules of account for a category of phenomena ( Macquarie Dictionary ) . Harmonizing to FASB ( 1976 ) , theory is defined as a coherent system of interconnected aims and basicss that can take to consistent criterions . While, accounting theory is a set of basic constructs and premises and related rules that explain and guide the comptroller s action in identifying, mensurating and pass oning economic information. It more provides a logical model for accounting pattern. Zeff and Keller ( 1987 ) discuss in item the standard scene procedure and the construction of a conceptual model that is the footing of accounting theory. Accounting theory discusses standard scene, accounting measuring and the revelation of different histories. It is clear with definition of accounting theory by Underdown and Taylor ( 1985 ) : aˆÂ ¦ . to supply a model for ( 1 ) measuring current fiscal accounting pattern and ( 2 ) developing new pattern, in which can non use anyplace outside the accounting field. Watt and Zimmerman ( 1978 ) stated that a comprehensive theory of accounting should supply regulations for acknowledging certain relevant economic objects and besides judging whether a given pattern is good or bad. While, Belkaoui ( 1992 ) definition seems to come in the modern country, in which the primary aim of an accounting theory is to supply a footing for the anticipation and account of accounting behaviour and events. Many text editions in accounting theory provide a straightforward the significance of accounting theory like the significances are stated above. And, sometime when they do, the reply is besides related to account. But William R. Scott ( 2006 ) , within his book Fiscal Accounting Theory defines the fundamental of accounting theory on different manner. In which, Scott explains that his book Financial Accounting Theory is about accounting and non how to account. In which, we need to cognize non merely how to account but why we account. This is peculiarly true of fiscal coverage. He besides argues that accounting pupils, holding been exposed to the methodological analysis and pattern of accounting, need at least one class that critically examines the broader deductions of fiscal accounting for the just and efficient operation of our economic system. Therefore, this paper is seeking to reply the inquiries about ; What is the aim of this book and why it designed a such manner that every reader have to understand the current fiscal accounting and coverage and at same clip have to see the diverse involvement of the external users and direction? . Fiscal Accounting Theory by William R. Scott has been recognized as a one of the best text edition on accounting theory since the first edition was published in 1997 ( Breton, 2004 ) . The book stairss back from the usual discourse about the standard scene procedure and the topographic points accounting in its environments. Now, with Scott s book ( 2006 ) , accounting theory enters a new epoch. The footing of accounting becomes an object of research and his discourse is theoretical. Since accounting is supposed to supply information for determination devising, the theory of accounting is foremost a theory of determination. Therefore, it could be carry through the book s aim, which to give the reader an apprehension of the current fiscal accounting and coverage, and to enable reader to analyze the broader deductions of fiscal accounting for the just and efficient operation of our economic system from side of determination devising. To pull the apprehension of the reader about fiscal accounting and coverage, the first lesson of Scott s book was discussed about some historical position. This intent is to enable the reader knows about history of accounting and to reply the inquiries such as who is the male parent of accounting, when the dual entry clerking system is appear, what is historical beginnings of conceptual model and other associating inquiries. At the same clip, this book looking to the primary footing of accounting i.e. historical cost footing. The traveling concern construct is of import properties of the historical cost accounting such as waiting to acknowledge gross until nonsubjective grounds of realisation is available and other. Historical cost has merely late begun to give to fair value accounting and the renewed importance of the balance sheet. In which, the term just value by and large is a general look for the rating of any plus or liability on the footing of its market value. Under this cost , for several major plus classs such as stock lists, long-run portfolio investings and capital assets including intangibles, is cost or cost less sums written off as amortisation. While, for the liability side, long term debt is valued at cost, in the sense that the transporting value of such debt is based on involvement rates in consequence when the debt was issued. Historical cost accounting is comparatively dependable because the cost of an plus or liability is normally an nonsubjective figure that is less capable to mistake of appraisal and prejudice than are present value. While, present value theoretical account provides the more relevant information to fiscal statement users, in which relevant information defined as information about the house s future economic chances, that is its dividends, hard currency flows and profitableness. The difference between present value based accounting and historical cost based accounting is clocking of acknowledgment of alterations in plus value. Other than that, present value accounting is a balance sheet attack to accounting besides called a measuring position. Whereas, the historical cost accounting is an income statement attack and besides called an information position. Therefore, based on understanding about both of this position, the reader can analyse either historical cost accounting provide better information about house s future economic chances or present value based accounting. Therefore, the consequences from this analysis by reader could carry through the execution of this book s aim, where the good co nsequences can reflect the apprehension of reader about fiscal accounting and coverage. In footings of design, this book is divided into four subdivisions with a figure of intents. The first intent is to better our apprehension of the accounting and coverage. Example, the subject of bureau theory theoretical account peculiarly, has improved our apprehension of directors involvements in fiscal coverage and commanding direction s operation, in which such programs use accounting information. While, the 2nd intent of this book is to see its effects on accounting and economic. For illustration, a determination usefulness attack that discussed in this book, in which, this attack allows the investors supplied with information to assist them do good investing determinations. Therefore, four basic subdivisions of Scott s book contains ( Breton, 2004 ) , refers to Calculate 1.1 are, first subdivision is about what accounting would looks under ideal status ( i.e. if neither inauspicious choice nor moral jeopardy jobs existed ) . Then, 2nd subdivision introduces inauspicious choice and the agencies to turn to it, where the writer discusses the determination usefulness attack, efficient fiscal markets and information and measuring positions on determination utility. The 3rd subdivision addresses moral jeopardy about the job of direction compensation and the usage of difficult Numberss as a solution. At here, Scott focuses on economic effects, the usage of game theory to understand struggle and issues such as direction compensation and net incomes direction. The concluding subdivision examines how accounting standard compositors address these divergent aims. Figure 1.1: Model of Scott s Book Full moon Disclosure Rational Investment Decision 2nd: Adverse Choice 4th: Standard Puting 1st: Ideal Conditionss 3rd: Moral Hazard Manager Compensation Gaining Managements Before sing the jobs introduction into accounting by information dissymmetry, it is utile to see what accounting would be likes under ideal conditions. A characterize of economic system under ideal status reflected as perfect and complete markets or equivalently, by a deficiency of information dissymmetry and other barriers to fair and efficient market operation. In which, plus and liability rating is on the footing of expected present values of future hard currency flows. With certainty and a fixed riskless involvement rate in the economic system, it is possible to fix relevant fiscal statements that are besides dependable. Decidedly, the procedure ensures that present values of future hard currency flows and market values are equal. While, for present value theoretical account under uncertainness, economic system reflected in a bad or good province. Uncertain future events such as the province of the economic system are called provinces of nature, i.e. no 1 can command which of the provinces is realized. The status that consequence hard currency flows are as conditions, authorities policies, work stoppages by providers and equipment dislocations. However, the ideal conditions under uncertainness are similar to conditions of certainty except that hereafter hard currency flows are known conditionally on the provinces of nature. The major difference between the certainty and uncertainness instances is that expected and realized net income demand no longer be the same under uncertainness and the difference is called unnatural earning. However, fiscal statements based on expected values continue to be both of relevant, because based on expected future hard currency flows, and dependable, because fiscal statement valu es objectively reflect these expected hereafter hard currency flows. However, a present values seems impossible to fix fiscal statements that are both wholly relevant and wholly dependable, because relevancy and dependability must be traded off. Merely the historical cost footing of accounting can be thought of as one such traded off between relevancy and dependability. However, complete relevancy is non attained because historical cost-based plus values need bear small resemblance to discounted present value. And complete dependability is besides non attained, since the possibility of impreciseness and prejudice remains. So, given the go oning usage of historical cost-based accounting in pattern, comptrollers have tried to do the historical cost fiscal statements more utile. Where, one manner of increasing utility is to retain historical cost model but expand revelation in the one-year study, so as to assist investors to do their judgement for future economic chances. A survey of accounting under ideal conditions is worthwhile because it helps us to see what the existent jobs and challenges of just value accounting are when the ideal conditions that they require do non keep and so on. The 2nd constituent of the model is introduces the inauspicious choice job, that is the job of communicating from the house to outside investors. The function of accounting is to supply a level playing field through full revelation of relevant, dependable, timely and cost-efficient information to investors and other fiscal statement users. To understand how accounting can assist to command the inauspicious choice job, it is related to how investors make determinations. Because, cognition of investor determination processes is of import if the comptroller is to cognize what information they need. This book besides assumes that the most investors are rational, that is, they make determinations as to maximise their expected public-service corporation or satisfaction from wealth. The information that is utile to rational investors is called the determination usefulness attack. Decision utility is contrasted with another position of the function of fiscal describing viz. stewardship, whereby the function is to describe on direction s success or deficiency thereof in pull offing the house s resources. As comptrollers, fundamentally they have adopted a determination usefulness attack to fiscal coverage as a reaction to the impossibleness of fixing theoretically acceptable fiscal statements. Harmonizing to Trueblood Committee studies, the determination usefulness attack of fiscal coverage implies that comptrollers need to understand the determination jobs of fiscal statement users. The determination usefulness attack besides leads to the jobs of placing the users of fiscal statements and choosing the information they need to do good determinations. When a big figure of rational investors interact in a properly working securities market, the market becomes efficient. Efficiency is defined as a relation to a stock of information, in other word, as a theoretical account of how a securities market operates. Meanwhile, the state of affairs is reflected has an efficient securities market is one where the monetary values of securities traded on the market at all times suitably reflect all information that is publically known about those securities. In this theory, accounting is viewed as being in competition with other information beginnings such as intelligence media, fiscal analysts and even market monetary value itself. And accounting will last merely if it is relevant, dependable, timely and cost-efficient, comparative to other beginnings. Furthermore, efficient securities market theory besides alerts us to what is the primary theoretical ground for the being of accounting i.e. information dissymmetry. Basically, securities market that efficient has of import deductions for fiscal accounting and one of the deductions is tend leads to the construct of full revelation. Full revelation is the provision of big sums of information to assist investors make their ain anticipations on of future steadfast public presentation. Efficiency implies that is the information content of revelation, non the signifier of revelation itself, which is valued by the market. With this, information can be released as easy in notes and auxiliary revelations as in the fiscal statement proper. Besides, the theory besides affects how accountant should believe and reaction about describing on house hazard. Therefore, the reaction on determination utility is called the information position. The information position is an attack to fiscal coverage that recognizes single duty for foretelling future house public presentation and dressed ores on supplying utile information for this intent. The attack assumes securities market efficiency, acknowledging that the market will respond to utile information from any beginning including fiscal statements. In which, the degree of usefulness can be measured by the extent of volume or monetary value alteration following release of the information. Such the information content of reported net income, it can be measured by the extent of security monetary value alteration or equivalently by the unnatural market return, around the clip the market learns the current net income. Rationally, informed investors will revise their outlooks about future net incomes and returns on the footing of current net incomes information. Even, revised beliefs trigger purch ase or sell determinations, as investors move to reconstruct the hazard trade-offs in their portfolios to coveted degrees. If there are no information content in net income there would be no belief alteration for ensuing bargain or sell determinations and hence no associated monetary value alterations. While, for unexpected net income, the grade of security monetary value alteration or unnatural returns depends on factors like house size, capital construction, hazard, growing chances and net incomes quality. The empirical literature in fiscal accounting is huge and one of the pioneering surveies is by Ball and Brown. The research workers found that empirical research has demonstrated a differential market response depending on three factors. First, they have overcome significant statistical and experimental design jobs. Second, they show that the market is, on norm, really sophisticated in its ability to measure accounting information. And eventually, they support the determination usefulness attack to fiscal coverage. These empirical consequences back up the efficient markets theory and related theories. The kernel of information position is that investors are viewed as trying to foretell future returns from their investings and seek all relevant information, non merely accounting information. The measuring position under determination utility implies greater use of just values in the fiscal statements accurate including for rentals, pensions, other post-retirement benefits and fiscal instruments. Scott define the measuring position on determination utility is an attack to fiscal coverage under which comptrollers undertake a duty to integrate just values into the fiscal statements proper, supplying that this can be done with sensible dependability, thereby acknowledging an increased duty to help investors to foretell cardinal house value. In this position besides discussed about clean excess theory, that is emphasizes the cardinal function of fiscal accounting information in finding house value, which has function to take measuring. The 3rd constituent of the model relate to information dissymmetry job is moral jeopardy. It is originating from the failure of the director s attempt in running the house. That is, the director s determination job is to make up ones mind on how much attempt to give to running the house on behalf of the stockholders. Other than that, executive compensation contracts involve a delicate reconciliation of inducements, hazard and determination skyline, it besides argued in this subdivision. Where, an efficient contract demands to accomplish a higher degree of motive to decently aline the involvements of directors and stockholders, besides avoiding the infliction of excessively much hazard on the director. It is because, excess hazard of director, can hold dysfunctional effects such as shortening a director s determination skyline, acceptance of earnings-increasing tactics and others. Therefore, to achieve proper alliance, incentive programs normally feature a combination of salary, assor ted and other types of stock. These constituents of compensation are normally based on two public presentation steps viz. net income and portion monetary value. Although, it appears that executive compensation is related to public presentation but that the strength of the relationship is low. However, for big houses at least this low relationship is to be expected and besides, the qualified proportion of net income-based and portion price-based compensation constituents seems to change as the theory predicts. This theory defined as the qualified proportion of each in the compensation program depends on both their relation preciseness and sensitiveness, and the length of director determination skyline that the house wants to actuate. Besides, with given the importance of reported net income to the director, it is natural that accounting policies used to find net income. This is a construct of economic effects, which it is a construct that asserts that, despite deductions of efficient securities market theory, accounting policy pick can impact steadfast value. Harmonizing to fiscal accounting position, directors may be able to impact the market value of their house s portions by gaining direction. Earning direction means the pick by a director of accounting policies so as to accomplish some specific nonsubjective. Example, houses may desire to bring forth the feeling of smooth and turning net incomes overtime. So, with securities market efficiency, it requires houses to pull on their inside information. Therefore, gaining direction can be medium for the communicating of direction s inside information to investors. However, this position can be lead to the interesting and possibly surprising, decision that a small spot of gaining direction can be good. In contrast, some directors may mistreat gaining direction, to profit themselves at the disbursal of other undertaking parties. The last constituent that designed in Scott s book is standard compositor, which as a go-between between the conflicting involvement of investors and directors. A few of cardinal job that discussed in Scott s book is how to carry on this mediation, how to accommodate the fiscal coverage, how to do criterions and other inquiries. Not simple to reply these jobs and it shows that the extent of standard scene is a disputing for comptroller. Because of that, many facets of houses information production are regulated and many of these ordinances are laid down by accounting standard puting organic structures, in the signifier of GAAP. Furthermore, the extent of ordinance is frequently increasing, as more accounting criterions are promulgated. At the same clip, Scott in his book Fiscal Accounting Theory besides defines that accounting theory as the proviso of relevant information for accounting users. In add-on, one of the accounting coverage features is reported utilizing the accounting linguistic communication. Today, accounting is called the linguistic communication of concern because of its function in keeping and treating all relevant fiscal information that an entity or company requires for its managing and coverage intents. It is has similarities with other linguistic communication because it has the linguistic communications features, which the symbols and grammar that are the regulation in accounting. In add-on, it is the vehicle for describing fiscal information about a concern entity to many different groups of people. In this book, the writer besides has considers the diverse involvement both of the external and internal users. External users mean people who outside the house such as stockholders, creditors ( i.e. Bankss, analysts, economic experts, and authorities ) . While, internal users are people who inside the house like employees, directors, owner-managers and hearers. Therefore, the relevancy of information to both of users is different. For external users, the chief intent of the information provided is to cut down inauspicious choice, viz. to cut down job of communicating from the house to outside investors. Besides, for internal users the ends of accounting information are to actuate directors for doing direction or operating determinations. It besides to avoid moral jeopardy, whereby this job occurs because of the separation of ownership and control that characterizes most big concern entities. The decision, this book Fiscal Accounting Theory by William R. Scott has broad coverage about fiscal accounting theory and provides a really good overview of the major subjects of fiscal accounting theory. More significantly, the book is divided into distinct parts that make it simple for reader to concentrate on countries of peculiar involvement. The writer is peculiarly effectual in explicating about wide constructs such as information dissymmetry, positive theory or the societal significance of accounting information. Besides that, the writer besides has fulfilled the book s nonsubjective, with provides each reader to understand the current fiscal accounting and coverage and at the same clip, has to see the diverse involvement of the external users and direction.

Mathematical Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mathematical Thinking - Essay Example Students are gestated to cultivate problem-solving skills that includes problem defining, prescribing inferences, and canvassing the accuracy of solutions Students should be involved in sense making. One should teach mathematics as if it were an ill-structured discipline: a domain in which multiple inferences, polemics, and controversial issues are called for and genuine. In the first step in expressing their mathematical thinking in words, they normally do not follow very specific language. Learning to think mathematically obligates some interposed strategies in order to bridge the gap between student's ordinary language and the language of mathematics. Teachers nudge in strengthen the mathematical thinking of student make a gamut, fluctuating from more direct methods in which the teacher gives an answer, a substantiation, or a leading question, to less direct methods that facilitate and simplify students to develop their thinking mechanism or to reverberate on their queries and acumen. Some examples of less direct methods to enhance mathematical thinking are non-leading questions, summarizing a discussion, connecting ideas, and prob lem-solving steps to be taken; and the use of wait-time, in which a teacher masquerade a query and gives appropriate time for the student to just go through and elaborate his or her reasoning. Each of these inferences has the potential to assist students to conclude that they have the ability to develop logic, and that they too can think and act mathematically. Even the most expedition-oriented teacher acquaints students to available provisions in order to accomplish the needs avowed by students. The teacher can posture as a connoisseur member of a collaborative learning community, one who has resources to bring to bear on an inquiry. Responsiveness is a key value to reinforce discourse. When students are steering an inquiry, the teacher can be an acting tribunal and confidence builder. Another contour of responsiveness and impressionable includes recognizing student's misbelieves related to the questions they put. In such circumstances one might give an answer, but the more constructive response may be a follow-up question that rummages the postulations or consequences that led to the misguided query. This policy has two purposes: (a) it gives the students involved a opportunity to show on their own thinking, and (b) it alludes onus for a question to the student who asked it. A student requires learning a technique to answer, "Why did you raise that query" -- and this is absolutely defiance at first, because the activity is so reflexive and the presumptions are usually taken for granted. In this type of circumstances, a carefully drafted question can give students to refresh their thinking process and ask themselves whether an answer or a procedure they have used is sensible. Such queries are part of a strategy that ministers to dodge delegations from the teacher to the student. One standard in the classroom session that can be adopted explicitly is the anticipation that students are accountable to convalesce their problem solving techniques and should be queried continuously

I will post all of information in word Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

I will post all of information in word - Essay Example For instance, when systems from Wells Fargo require information from those at Wachovia, they have to form new links between the business end and control end of the two information systems. After these links are formed, the integration process moves to the maturity stage where new links are formed between the same ends of the two information systems. Increased expansion as expected with the merger leads to formation of cross-links between the units present in both organizations (Frankel 76). With the merger between the two organizations in this case, integration of IS was necessitated in order to manage the chaos that would follow with communication hitches and revenue loss from redundant links. When Wells Fargo merged with Wachovia, they came across various challenges and difficulties in the integration of their information systems. One of these difficulties had to do with the making it financially viable to integrate the two systems. For example, Wells Fargo and Wachovia needed the capability to take advantage of those opportunities that would result from IS integration within the merged organization (Frankel 78). In addition the two organizations may have lacked the ability to deal with the issues that come from the integration of the information systems. For instance, the satisfaction of the new organization’s end users with the integrated IS and the entire process of systems integration could be a hurdle. Lack of proper communication about the integration process’ capabilities and its importance to the success of the merger may precipitate resistance from the workers of the organization that adopts the other’s system. Eventually, this could cause depressed effectiveness and efficiency in leveraging the resources at hand during the period of integration (Frankel 78). Wells Fargo and Wachovia may also have found it challenging to improve the capabilities of their previous information systems after the merger. Because the goal of the merge r was to improve the entire new organization’s processes, the IS integration would also have to improve its capabilities (Frankel 79). Difficulties that could affect the new organization include the enhancement of their competitive advantage, as well as the enhancement of their business strategies. Organizational planning and IS integration could also prove to be a challenge because it is important for the new organization to achieve its financial targets. Information system integration across departments within the new organization in order to increase their access to data and information may also be difficult since they have ingrained models of system operations. The ability of the merged company to keep staff who are competent in the new system, as well as recruit new ones, will also be challenging. The identification of the best fit technology and its assimilation will also be difficult (Frankel 79). However, there are also benefits to the merger of information systems be tween the two organizations. First, because the two are organizations of similar size, the IS integration will be much easier compared to if they had different capabilities (Frankel 81). However, because of their disparate images, protocols, websites, systems, and hardware, it was essential to integrate their systems. One reason that this is important is so that they can attain the benefits they expect from the merger. For this to happen, the standardizing systems, technology architecture, and application systems have to be rationalized. Insufficient data and

Proposal Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Proposal - Term Paper Example Need for Healthcare Coverage Congratulations on the adoption of a comprehensive Employee Assistance Program for your organization. Employee Assistance Programs are quite popular and are the need of the hour, as the cost of medical coverage is becoming increasingly out of reach for the majority of Americans- especially among the middle class, the poorer classes and the homeless sections of society. Many of us have been the victims of the last financial crisis, losing homes, cars, jobs and even the chance to lead a proper lifestyle. All in all, the need for proper and complete healthcare coverage cannot be denied in today’s workplace. Healthy employees are the boon of any workplace; they can function at the peak of their performance and make a great difference to productivity and the bottom line. At the other end of the spectrum, how many of us have been affected by bouts of ill health that keep us from performing at our best on any given workday. Even the common cold or a naggi ng headache or worst of all an excruciating toothache or earache can make us take the day off and stay at home in pain and discomfort. So clearly, healthcare coverage has many benefits not only for the employees but also for the organization. Key Elements of the Employee Assistance Program It is worthwhile to remember a fundamental truth: an employee can only be said to be functioning at his full capacity if he is in sound health physically, mentally and psychologically. The stress of modern city and corporate life has undoubtedly left its mark on us all, and the pressure of working in a corporate setup often complicates matters especially if there is a lot of competition. Employees have been known to do everything from an excess of apple polishing to working beyond normal limits to gain the support of their bosses. Unfortunately some even take drugs and opiates to enhance productivity, which is unethical and can have disastrous consequences for the health of these employees, as wel l as the reputation of the organization in the long run. Consider what can happen if a disgruntled employee decided to get trigger happy in the office to vent out his anger of not being promoted, or being overlooked in terms of certain perks. This would amount to a public relations disaster and must be avoided. Knowing this, Aetna Insurance has provided for rehabilitation and care in the event of even such an instance of drug abuse. Sometimes drug taking for recreational use can turn into an addiction like smoking and alcoholism. Drug taking has even ruined the careers of such celebrities like Lindsay Lohan and Robert Downey Jr. So let Aetna help you to avoid any drug related mishap or control its repercussions by virtue of access to our 24 hour clinics that have been established in every major American city as well as our online support facility that never stops, any time of the day or night. History of the Company Aetna Insurance Company has been providing healthcare to Americans like you and me for over 150 years and running. The company was started way back in 1853 in Hartford, Connecticut (www.aetna.com) and is today one of the nation's leading providers of health care including pharmacy, dental, disability insurance, group life and employee benefits. The company has a variety of plans and programs to fit your pocket and specific coverage needs. There are also a variety of plans for small, medium and large scale organizations with differing levels of

Comprehensive Exam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Comprehensive Exam - Research Paper Example Nature and Types of Theory In order to understand the nature and types of theory, five articles in the field of ‘virtual project management’ have been analyzed. Article 1: â€Å"Patterns for Effective Management of Virtual Projects: Theory and Evidence† This research was undertaken with the intention of understanding the forms for efficient management of virtual projects. The research uses a blend of theories and disciplines in order to recognize different perspectives on the research subject. It explores the theoretical foundation of project typologies. For instance, in this research, the researcher used ‘Media Richness Theory’, ‘Channel Expansion Theory’ and ‘Adaptive Structuration Theory’ in order to recognize the theoretical concept of virtuality. The research is based on ‘Pattern Theory’ in order to understand natural perspectives on effective methods in the field of virtual project management. Theory is use ful way in this research to develop a sense with respect to different factors which impact on the virtual project management. In order to explain the theory, the researcher has also used figures. The figures help to describe different patterns on the aspect of virtual project management. ... It discovers the combined impact of leadership, personality and organizational aspects on time, scope and quality of virtual projects. The research is based on the theoretical aspect of transformational leadership, personality and other substitute factors in order to measure their effects on virtual projects. A model has been used in order to demonstrate the impact of leadership on performance of virtual projects. In this research, the major concept is to measure the impact of leadership, personality, and other aspects on virtual team performance (Strang, 2010). Article 3: â€Å"Knowledge Integration in Virtual Teams: The Potential Role of KMS† This article explores difficulties of knowledge integration in virtual team context. The research is based on communication theory in order to recognize ‘Knowledge Management System’ (KMS) in different stages of virtual project management. The research concepts are operationalized by concentrating on virtual team circumstan ces where organizations try to utilize the knowledge oriented assets. In order to conduct the research, the researchers used secondary databases for describing how virtual teams can generate challenges towards application of knowledge oriented assets throughout virtual project phases (Alavi & Tiwana, 2002). Article 4: â€Å"Getting it Together: Temporal Coordination and Conflict Management in Global Virtual Teams† The research aims at investigating the impact of chronological management on virtual teams through asynchronous interaction. The research demonstrates an explicit theoretical framework on the aspect of chronological management challenges, interaction and management of conflict within a virtual team. In order to gather information theories on non-virtual teams have

Ernesto Che Guevara, Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ernesto Che Guevara, Latin America - Essay Example On the other side, most representatives of the U.S. government overseas have always displayed a powerful ideological commitment, and never more so than during the Cold War years of the 1960s. They are often criticized, in fact, for taking a messianic approach to diplomacy. Their ideology encompasses individualism, personal rights, equal opportunity, popular democracy, and free-enterprise economics, despite whatever gaps may exist at home between ideals and reality (Llosa 45). In Cuba, 'Che' Guevara's legacy is found in spying and high number of suicides among young people, revolutionary ideas of workers and peasants, and their fighting against the government. Today, many young people in Latin America follow his ideas and ideology believing in the guerilla struggle and strike actions. In Cuba, 'Che' Guevara's ideology is still valued and followed by young people who struggle for social transformations and democratic freedoms (Anderson 161). Che' Guevara's ideology determines the social processes by which citizens and elites construct democratic state institutional structures through collective forms of organization (political parties, civic associations, social movements). Given the historical, centralized executive control over elections and the checking of the legitimacy of electoral outcomes in single-party regimes. Following Anderson (1998), the most important was "his literary legacy to Cub and a means to ensure that revolutionary principles he stood for survived on the island" (653). Guevara not only had challenged the orthodox communists' attitude toward revolution for nearly a decade but also in the process had incurred widespread... In Cuba, ‘Che’ Guevara’s ideology is still valued and followed by young people who struggle for social transformations and democratic freedoms. Che’ Guevara’s ideology determines the social processes by which citizens and elites construct democratic state institutional structures through collective forms of organization. Given the historical, centralized executive control over elections and the checking of the legitimacy of electoral outcomes in single-party regimes. Following Anderson, the most important were â€Å"his literary legacy to Cub and a means to ensure that revolutionary principles he stood for survived on the island†.Guevara not only had challenged the orthodox communists' attitude toward revolution for nearly a decade but also in the process had incurred widespread hostility. The Congo expedition might have provided Cuba with the revolutionary success it sought, but it had clearly failed. When it did, Havana returned its focus to its home turf. The Cubans had long made efforts throughout Latin America to create a sustainable revolution, doing so with relatively minor investments of men, training guerrillas from abroad, sending arms overseas, dispatching advisers to nascent rebellions.on 461).